Frankenstein Ch 1-10 Quote Analysis Essay

Chapter 1 â€Å"I was their plaything and their idol, and something better- their child, the innocent and helpless creature bestowed on them by Heaven, whom to bring up to good, and whose future lot it was in their hands to direct to happiness or misery, according as they fulfilled their duties towards me. With this deep consciousness of what they owed towards the being to which they had given life.† This quote expresses Victor Frankenstein’s beliefs that it was up to this parents to make him happy and to succeed in life. The last line expresses a belief that any parent owed it to their child happiness and love by bringing them to life. Frankenstein is being hypocritical, putting so much responsibility and pressure on his parents when he, himself will not take on the same responsibilities when it is laid out in front of him. â€Å"They consulted their village priest, and the result was that Elizabeth Lavenza became the inmate of my parents’ house–my more than siste r–the beautiful and adored companion of all my occupations and my pleasures.† Elizabeth’s beauty is a sign of her inner goodness. (Halo Effect in Psych) â€Å"Everyone loved Elizabeth. The passionate and almost reverential attachment with which all regarded her became, while I shared it, my pride and my delight. On the evening previous to her being brought to my home, my mother had said playfully, ‘I have a pretty present for my Victor–tomorrow he shall have it.’ And when, on the morrow, she presented Elizabeth to me as her promised gift, I, with childish seriousness, interpreted her words literally and looked upon Elizabeth as mine–mine to protect, love, and cherish. All praises bestowed on her I received as made to a possession of my own. We called each other familiarly by the name of cousin. No word, no expression could body forth the kind of relation in which she stood to me–my more than sister, since till death she was to be mine only.† Victor sees that Elizabeth’s beauty is the reason people love her. Yet this seems to be the reason he loves her himself. â€Å"When my father returned from Milan, he found playing with me in the hall of our villa a child fairer than pictured cherub†¦ They were fond of the sweet orphan. Her presence had seemed a blessing to them†¦ the result was that Elizabeth Lavenza became the inmate of my parents’ house–my more than sister–the beautiful and adored companion of all my occupations and my pleasures.† Although Elizabeth is welcomed into Victor’s family, her being an orphan reminds us that family that can be destroyed at any moment. Chapter 2 â€Å"Destiny was too potent, and her immutable law had decreed my utter and terrible destruction.† Dr. Frankenstein cannot take blame for his immoral actions in life. First he gives his parents the sole responsibility for how he turns out and if he is happy or not, now he is blaming destiny for the actions that are out of his parents control. â€Å"Wealth was an inferior object; but what glory would attend the discovery, if I could banish disease from the human frame and render man invulnerable to any but a violent death!† Dr. Frankenstein says that he did not start this for the money but for the pure purpose of the glory for being the first man to discover something. Similar to Walton in the beginning of the book, he wants to make a mark in the world for himself. â€Å"Natural philosophy is the genius that has regulated my fate†¦ A new light seemed to dawn upon my mind, and bounding with joy, I communicated my discovery to my father. My father looked carelessly at the title page of my book and said, ‘Ah! Cornelius Agrippa! My dear Victor, do not waste your time upon this; it is sad trash.’† Victor learns that his interest in alchemy is useless and that such a field is outdated. Instead, science and natural philosophy are the accepted forms of thought. â€Å"As I stood at the door, on a sudden I beheld a stream of fire issue from an old and beautiful oak which stood about twenty yards from our house; and so soon as the dazzling light vanished, the oak had disappeared, and nothing remained but a blasted stump. When we visited it the next morning, we found the tree shattered in a singular manner. It was not splintered by the shock, but entirely reduced to thin ribbons of wood. I never beheld anything so utterly destroyed.† The natural world is beautiful and also capable of destruction. â€Å"No human being could have passed a happier childhood than myself. My parents were possessed by the very spirit of kindness and indulgence. We felt that they were not the tyrants to rule our lot according to their caprice, but the agents and creators of all the many delights which we enjoyed. When I mingled with other families I distinctly discerned how peculiarly fortunate my lot was, and gratitude assisted the development of filial love.† Victor says his family is happy, and his parents as the bringers of â€Å"many delights.† Victor knows how great it is to have your creators care about you, but this knowledge does not convince him to do the same for the creature that he has brought to life. Chapter 3 â€Å"After having made a few preparatory experiments, he concluded with a panegyric upon modern chemistry, the terms of which I shall never forget: ‘The ancient teachers of this science,’ said he, ‘promised impossibilities and performed nothing. The modern masters promise very little; they know that metals cannot be transmuted and that the elixir of life is a chimera but these philosophers, whose hands seem only made to dabble in dirt, and their eyes to pore over the microscope or crucible, have indeed performed miracles. They penetrate into the recesses of nature and show how she works in her hiding-places. They ascend into the heavens; they have discovered how the blood circulates, and the nature of the air we breathe. They have acquired new and almost unlimited powers; they can command the thunders of heaven, mimic the earthquake, and even mock the invisible world with its own shadows.’† This professor gives Victor a way to see scientific questions as coming from older traditions. This respect for the old combined with the new is what allows Victor to go forward in his scientific explorations. â€Å"My departure was therefore fixed at an early date, but before the day resolved upon could arrive, the first misfortune of my life occurred–an omen, as it were, of my future misery. Elizabeth had caught the scarlet fever†¦Elizabeth was saved, but the consequences of this imprudence were fatal to her preserver. On the third day my mother sickened†¦On her deathbed the fortitude and benignity of this best of women did not desert her. She joined the hands of Elizabeth and myself. ‘My children,’ she said, ‘my firmest hopes of future happiness were placed on the prospect of your union. This expectation will now be the consolation of your father. Elizabeth, my love, you must supply my place to my younger children. Alas! I regret that I am taken from you; and, happy and beloved as I have been, is it not hard to quit you all? But these are not thoughts befitting me; I will endeavour to resign myself cheerfully to death and will indulge a hope of meeting you in another world.’† The loss of Victor’s mother is a foreshadowing of the loss he is going to encounter again. At the same time, her death shows that family is what is most important to Victor. Chapter 4 â€Å"The summer months passed while I was thus engaged, heart and soul, in one pursuit. It was a most beautiful season; never did the fields bestow a more plentiful harvest or the vines yield a more luxuriant vintage, but my eyes were insensible to the charms of nature. And the same feelings which made me neglect the scenes around me caused me also to forget those friends who were so many miles absent, and whom I had not seen for so long a time. I knew my silence disquieted them, and I well-remembered the words of my father: ‘I know that while you are pleased with yourself you will think of us with affection, and we shall hear regularly from you. You must pardon me if I regard any interruption in your correspondence as a proof that your other duties are equally neglected.’† The beauty of nature distracts Victor from his other worries. Nature’s beauty can affect human feelings. â€Å"Darkness had no effect upon my fancy, and a churchyard was to me merely the receptacle of bodies deprived of life, which, from being the seat of beauty and strength, had become food for the worm. Now I was led to examine the cause and progress of this decay and forced to spend days and nights in vaults and charnel-houses. My attention was fixed upon every object the most insupportable to the delicacy of the human feelings.† The beauty of the church is a juxtaposition with the ugliness and decay of death. Chapter 5 â€Å"How can I describe my emotions at this catastrophe, or how delineate the wretch whom with such infinite pains and care I had endeavoured to form? His limbs were in proportion, and I had selected his features as beautiful. Beautiful! Great God! His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriances only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun-white sockets in which they were set, his shrivelled complexion and straight black lips.† Victor’s attempt to create a beautiful creature is a failure. â€Å"I had desired it with an ardour that far exceeded moderation; but now that I had finished, the beauty of the dream vanished, and breathless horror and disgust filled my heart.† The beauty of Elizabeth and the goodness that comes with it is threatened by Victor’s scientific findings and the ugly thing he has created. â€Å"Oh! No mortal could support the horror of that countenance. A mummy again endued with animation could not be so hideous as that wretch. I had gazed on him while unfinished; he was ugly then, but when those muscles and joints were rendered capable of motion, it became a thing such as even Dante could not have conceived.† The ugliness of the monster is compared to something worse than something in Dante’s Inferno. This further states the halo effect that prevents the monster from functioning in society. â€Å"I stepped fearfully in: the apartment was empty, and my bedroom was also freed from its hideous guest. I could hardly believe that so great a good fortune could have befallen me, but when I became assured that my enemy had indeed fled, I clapped my hands for joy and ran down to Clerval.† Victor assumes that because his creature is ugly, he must be evil. Chapter 6 â€Å"Justine, you may remember, was a great favourite of yours; and I recollect you once remarked that if you were in an ill humour, one glance from Justine could dissipate it, for the same reason that Ariosto gives concerning the beauty of Angelica–she looked so frank-hearted and happy.† Justine’s beauty represents her happy, good nature. â€Å"Justine has just returned to us; and I assure you I love her tenderly. She is very clever and gentle, and extremely pretty; as I mentioned before, her mein and her expression continually remind me of my dear aunt.† Justine’s beauty makes her an object worth loving. â€Å"I must say also a few words to you, my dear cousin, of little darling William. I wish you could see him; he is very tall of his age, with sweet laughing blue eyes, dark eyelashes, and curling hair. When he smiles, two little dimples appear on each cheek, which are rosy with health. He has already had one or two little WIVES, but Louisa Biron is his favourite, a pretty little girl of five years of age.† William’s attractiveness is equal to the affection people feel for him. â€Å"The pretty Miss Mansfield has already received the congratulatory visits on her approaching marriage with a young Englishman, John Melbourne, Esq. Her ugly sister, Manon, married M. Duvillard, the rich banker, last autumn. Your favourite schoolfellow, Louis Manoir, has suffered several misfortunes since the departure of Clerval from Geneva. But he has already recovered his spirits, and is reported to be on the point of marrying a lively pretty Frenchwoman, Madame Tavernier. She is a widow, and much older than Manoir; but she is very much admired, and a favourite with everybody.† People like Madame Tavernier because she is good looking. Chapter 7 â€Å"I wept like a child. ‘Dear mountains! my own beautiful lake! how do you welcome your wanderer? Your summits are clear; the sky and lake are blue and placid. Is this to prognosticate peace, or to mock at my unhappiness?’† Nature has the power to strongly affect emotions because of its beauty. â€Å"During this short voyage I saw the lightning playing on the summit of Mont Blanc in the most beautiful figures. The storm appeared to approach rapidly, and, on landing, I ascended a low hill, that I might observe its progress. It advanced; the heavens were clouded, and I soon felt the rain coming slowly in large drops, but its violence quickly increased.† Beauty and violence coexist in nature. â€Å"A flash of lightning illuminated the object, and discovered its shape plainly to me; its gigantic stature, and the deformity of its aspect more hideous than belongs to humanity, instantly informed me that it was the wretch, the filthy daemon, to whom I had given life. What did he there? Could he be (I shuddered at the conception) the murderer of my brother?† The ugliness of the monster’s crime is reflected by the awful weather. â€Å"During our walk, Clerval endeavoured to say a few words of consolation; he could only express his heartfelt sympathy. ‘Poor William!† said he, dear lovely child, he now sleeps with his angel mother! Who that had seen him bright and joyous in his young beauty, but must weep over his untimely loss! To die so miserably; to feel the murderer’s grasp! How much more a murdered that could destroy radiant innocence! Poor little fellow! one only consolation have we; his friends mourn and weep, but he is at rest. The pang is over, his sufferings are at an end for ever. A sod covers his gentle form, and he knows no pain. He can no longer be a subject for pity; we must reserve that for his miserable survivors.’† Henry expresses affection for William by describing his physical features. Chapter 8 â€Å"The appearance of Justine was calm. She was dressed in mourning, and her countenance, always engaging, was rendered, by the solemnity of her feelings, exquisitely beautiful. Yet she appeared confident in innocence and did not tremble, although gazed on and execrated by thousands, for all the kindness which her beauty might otherwise have excited was obliterated in the minds of the spectators by the imagination of the enormity she was supposed to have committed. She was tranquil, yet her tranquillity was evidently constrained; and as her confusion had before been adduced as a proof of her guilt, she worked up her mind to an appearance of courage. When she entered the court she threw her eyes round it and quickly discovered where we were seated. A tear seemed to dim her eye when she saw us, but she quickly recovered herself, and a look of sorrowful affection seemed to attest her utter guiltlessness.† Justine’s innocence is seen in her beauty. Unlike the monster, her looks reveal her true nature. Chapter 9 â€Å"When I reflected on his crimes and malice, my hatred and revenge burst all bounds of moderation†¦ Elizabeth was sad and desponding; she no longer took delight in her ordinary occupations; all pleasure seemed to her sacrilege toward the dead; eternal woe and tears she then thought was the just tribute she should pay to innocence so blasted and destroyed.† Because he cannot let go of a grudge, Victor seeks revenge on the monster in hopes of curing his guilty conscience. â€Å"I, not in deed, but in effect, was the true murderer. Elizabeth read my anguish in my countenance, and kindly taking my hand, said, ‘My dearest friend, you must calm yourself. These events have affected me, God knows how deeply; but I am not so wretched as you are. There is an expression of despair, and sometimes of revenge, in your countenance that makes me tremble. Dear Victor, banish these dark passions. Remember the friends around you, who centre all their hopes in you. Have we lost the power of rendering you happy? Ah! While we love, while we are true to each other, here in this land of peace and beauty, your native country, we may reap every tranquil blessing–what can disturb our peace?’† Victor’s guilt due to the deaths of William and Justine causes him to seek revenge against the monster. Chapter 10

Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day, Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime”

Education is important because to get further in life, people need to be educated.. In the play â€Å"Pygmalion† by George Bernard Shaw, education is the most important theme within the play. Education is the key to success because without being educated, you cannot get a job and live a fulfilling r life. Education is shown throughout the play when the theme is introduced, developed and concluded through the thoughts, actions and decisions of the characters. Bernard Shaw shares the important message that education is the key to success, in the play â€Å"Pygmalion† because it creates opportunity and the ability to improve.To begin, the theme is introduced when Eliza is not educated and when she is selling flowers in the streets of London to make money. Firstly, Eliza realizes that without an education, she has no power/ social status. This is evident when Eliza says, â€Å"†¦ What’s that? That aint proper writing. I can’t read that. † (Shaw 14) . This is significant because, she realizes that she can’t read and to get the respect she wants, she needs to be educated. Furthermore,, people judge her on her lack of speech. This is evident when Mr. , Higgins says, â€Å"I can (read that). Cheer up, Keptin; n’baw ya flahr orf a pore gel.† (Shaw 14).This is significant because Mr. Higgins is making fun of her speech and judges her based on her appearance and lack of good English. All in all, the play demonstrates the idea that an education opens doors to opportunities and, to be successful, people need a proper education. Furthermore, the theme is developed when Eliza receives an education from Mr. Higgins. For example, Eliza goes to Higgins house to receive an education. This becomes clear to the reader when Eliza emphasises, â€Å"†¦ I’m coming to have lessons, I am. And to pay for em t?-oo: make no mistake† (Shaw26).This shows that she understands that by receiving lessons/education to i mprove herself, she knows that her life will improve and she will be able to get the job and respect that she wants. . She fully expects that with an improved education, she is able to transform into a member of a higher social class. For instance, Eliza fails at the garden party and gives herself away. This apparent when Eliza notes, â€Å"But it’s my belief they done the old women in† (Shaw60). Here the reader sees that she gives herself away because she doesn’t use high society grammar and speech.She goes back to her bad grammar by saying â€Å"†¦they done the old†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Eliza goes back to her gutter grammar and does not use the proper grammar that Higgins taught her. She realizes that she has to listen and use the proper grammar to be able to be treated better. Overall, the theme of education develops when Eliza takes the initiative to change her life. The problem is that she changes herself to make other people happy instead of herself, and sh e loses her identity in the process. Moreover, the theme is concluded when Eliza gains an education and she is able to get a job.She realizes she has the power to do what she wants because her new found education has improved her life. This becomes clearer to the reader when Eliza remarks, â€Å"I’ll marry Freddy, I will, as soon as I’m able to support him† (Shaw 103). This tells us that Higgins doesn’t want her to marry Freddy but because she has an education, she has a right to fight for what she believes. By completing her education, she creates a middle class, where people can be educated and have a right to be educated.. Throughout her journey, Eliza realizes that happiness is found from within.This is apparent when Eliza says, â€Å"I’ll advertize it in the paper that your duchess is only a flower girl that you have taught† (Shaw104). From this, the reader can understand that Mr. Higgins won the bet and that it is possible for a poor g irl to get an education and become successful. Overall, this shows that education is the most vital theme and that education is the key to success. As a result, Eliza realizes that without an education, there is no happiness in life. Throughout the play, â€Å"Pygmalion† by Bernard Shaw, the author emphasises that education is the key to success.To be successful, one needs a good education and love for learning. With this, an individual will have a higher chance for getting a job. Education is emphasised when it is introduced, developed and concluded through the characters actions, thoughts and decisions. People who say that education is not important, have a lack of understanding of the power of education and will not go far in life. In contrast, people, who believe that education is important, will always go further in life because it opens doors and provides more opportunities that can better ones future.Overall, the play demonstrates the importance of having a strong iden tity in order to gain respect and become a valued member of society. . This is apparent when Terry Fox states, â€Å"Anything is possible if you try, dreams are made possible if you try†. ESSAY ROUGH COPY Name: Annie PendleburyTopic: Education Teacher: Ms. Hogeboom Audience: Anyone who is educated or not educated Course: ENG 1D1 Date: November 24 2011 Teach Him How to Fish, he Eats Forever Education is important because to get further in life, people you need to be educated. , to get a job and live properly.In the play â€Å"Pygmalion† by George Bernard Shaw, education is the most main themeimportant theme within the play. Education is the most important theme key to success because without beingan educateducatedion, you cannot get a job and live a fulfilling proper life. Education is shown throughout the play when the theme isit introduced, developed and concluded through the thoughts, actions and decisions of the characters. Bernard Shaw shares the important message that education is the ost important theme inkey to success, in the play â€Å"Pygmalion† because it creates opportunity and the ability to improve throughout the into, body and conclusion.To begin, the theme is introduced when Eliza is not educated and when when she is selling flowers in the streets of London to make money. Firstly, Eliza realizes that without an education, she has no power/ social status. This is evident when Eliza says, â€Å"†¦ What’s that? That aint proper writing. I can’t read that. † (Shaw, 14). This is significant because, she realizes that she can’t read and that to get the respect she wants, she needshas to be educated. Furthermore,Lastly, people judge her on her lack of speech. This is evident when Mr. , Higgins says, â€Å"I can (read that).. Cheer up, Keptin; n’baw ya flahr orf a pore gel. † (Shaw, 14). This is significant because Mr. Higgins is making fun of her speech and judges her based on her app earance and lack of good English. All in all, the play demonstrates the idea that an education opens doors too many pathsto opportunities and ,and, to be successful, people need a proper education. education is key to success. Furthermore, the theme is developed when. Eliza is receivingreceives an education from Mr. Higgins. For example, Eliza goes to Higgins house to receive an education.This becomes clear to the reader when Eliza emphasises, that â€Å"†¦ I’m coming to have lessons, I am. And to pay for em t?-oo: make no mistake† (Shaw, 26). This shows that she understands that by receiving lessons/education to improve herself, she knows that her life will improve and she will be able to get the job and respect that she wants. will be for her benefit. She fully expects that she will be able to pay for these lessons and that with anthe improved education, she is able to transform into a member of she will be higher ina higher social class.For instance, Eliza fail s at the garden party and gives herself away. This apparent when Eliza notes, â€Å"But it’s my belief they done the old women in† (Shaw, 60). Here the reader we sees that she gives herself away because she doesn’t use high society grammar and speech. She goes back to her bad grammar by saying â€Å"†¦they done the old†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Eliza goes back to her gutter grammar and does not use the proper grammar that Higgins taught her. She realizes that she has to listen and use the proper grammar to be able to be treated better. Overall, education is developed throughout the character thoughts, actions and decisions.the theme of education develops when Eliza takes the initiative to change her life. The problem is that she changes herself to make other people happy instead of herself, and she loses her identity in the process. Moreover, the theme is concluded when†¦ Eliza has angains an education and she is able to get a job shejob. She realizes she has th e power to do whatever she wants when she has educationwhat she wants because her new found education has improved her life. This becomes clearer to the reader when Eliza remarks, â€Å"I’ll marry Freddy, I will, as soon as I’m able to support him† (Shaw, 103).This tells us that Higgins doesn’t want her to marry Freddy but since because she has an education, she has a right to fight for what she believes. By completing her education, do what she wants to do. Sshe creates a middle class, where people can have an educationbe educated and have a right to be educated.. Throughout her journey, Eliza realizes that Hhappiness is found from within. This is apparent when Eliza says, â€Å"I’ll advertize it in the paper that your duchess is only a flower girl that you have taught† (Shaw, 104).From this, the reader can understand that Mr.  Higgins won the bet and that it is possible for a poor girl to get an education and become successful. Overall, this shows that education is the most vital theme and that education is the key to success. and is the key to success. As a result, Eliza realizes that without an education, there is no happiness in life. Throughout the play, â€Å"Pygmalion† by Bernard Shaw, the author emphasises that education is the key to success. To be successful you need ana good education and a love for learning BECAUSE. Education is emphasiseds when it is introduced, developed and concluded. concluded through the characters actions, thoughts and decisions.People who say that education is not important bad, have no expectationsa lack of understanding of the power of education and will not go far in life. In contrast, People, who believe that education is importantgood, will always go further in life BECCAUSE. Overall, the play demonstrates the importance of having a strong identity in order to gain respect and become a valued member of society. So if ones believe, he can achieve. This is apparent when Terry Fox states, â€Å"Anything is possible if you try, dreams are made possible if you try†.ESSAY OUTLINE Name: Annie PendleburyTopic: Education Teacher: Ms.  Hogeboom Audience: Anyone who is educated or not educated Course: ENG 1D1 Date: November 24 2011 Engaging Title: Teach Him How to Fish, he Eats Forever INTRO Topic sentence: Education is important because to get further in life, you need to be educated, to get a job and life properly. Harness: In the play â€Å"Pygmalion† by George Bernard Shaw, education is the main theme. Thesis: Education is the most important theme because without an education, you cannot get a job and live a proper life. Arguments: Education is shown throughout the play when it introduced, developed and concluded through the thoughts, actions and decisions of the characters.Concluding sentence: Bernard Shaw shares that education is the most important theme in the play Pygmalion throughout the into, body and conclusion. Body: Number 1 TRA NSITION: Topic sentence: To begin, the theme is introduced when†¦ Eliza is not educated and she is selling flowers in the streets of London to make money. Point: Firstly, Eliza realizes that without an education, she has no power/ social status. Quotation: â€Å"†¦ What’s that? That aint proper writing. I can’t read that. † (Shaw,14). Significance: This is significant because, she realizes that she can’t read and that to get the respect she wants, she has to be educated.Point: Lastly, people judge her on her lack of speech. Quotation: â€Å"I can. Cheer up, Keptin; n’baw ya flahr orf a pore gel. † (Shaw,14). Significance: This is significant because Mr. Higgins is making fun of her speech and judges her based on her appearance and lack of good English. Concluding sentence: All in all, an education opens doors too many paths and , education is key to success. Body: Number 2 TRANSITION: Topic sentence: Furthermore, the theme is devel oped when†¦ Eliza is receiving an education Point: For example, Eliza goes to Higgins house to receive an education Quotation: â€Å"†¦ I’m coming to have lessons, I am.And to pay for em t?-oo: make no mistake†( Shaw, 26). Significance: This shows that she understands that by receiving lessons/education to improve herself will be for her benefit. She fully expects that she will be able to pay for these lessons and that with the improved education she will be higher in social class. Point: for instance, Eliza fails at the garden party and gives herself away Quotation: â€Å"But it’s my belief they done the old women in† (Shaw, 60).Significance: This is significant because she gives herself away because she doesn’t use high society grammar and speech. Concluding sentence: Overall, education is developed throughout the character thoughts, actions and decisions. Body: Number 3 Transition: Topic sentence: Moreover, the theme is concluded whenà ¢â‚¬ ¦ Eliza has an education and she is able to get a job Point: She realizes she has the power to do whatever she wants when she has education Quotation: â€Å"I’ll marry Freddy, I will, as soon as I’m able to support him† (Shaw, 103).Significance: This significant because Higgins doesn’t want her to marry Freddy but since she has an education she has a word in what she wants to do. Point: She creates middle class, where people can have an education. Happiness is found from with in Quotation: â€Å"I’ll advertize it in the paper that your duchess is only a flower girl that you have taught† (Shaw, 104). Significance: This shows that she is saying that Concluding sentence: Overall, this shows that education is the most vital theme and is the key to success.ConclusionTransition: As a result, Eliza realizes that without an education, there is no happiness in life. Thesis: Throughout the play â€Å"Pygmalion† by Bernard Shaw, the author emphasises that education is the key to success. Arguments: To be successful you need an education. Education is emphasises when it is introduced, developed and concluded. Final thought: People who say that education is bad, have no expectations and will not go far in life. People, who believe that education is good, will always go further in life. So if ones believes, he can achieve.

Communist Party Essay

Conservatism is today, in 2009, a word without meaning. It can refer to a Christian agrarianism, urban free market capitalism, the Objectivist world of Ayn Rand and the libertarians, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and the imams of Syria and Saudi Arabia. It can refer to the love of free trade and protectionism. It can refer to a strong state, such as Franco’s Spain, or a weak one, such as the early American republic. It can embrace technology and innovation or reject it, seeking a simpler life. It is both anti- and philo-Semitic. It can embrace either integration or race separatism. It can refer to a monarchy or a republic. It can refer to populism or aristocracy. It can refer to the assembly line or the craft guild. It can refer to Milton Friedman, George Bush, G. K. Chesterton or Fedor Dostoyevskii. The word is worse than useless. The book under review here purports to be a conservative manifesto for the Obama era, the era of democratic dominance last seen in the early 1990s. It is in fact two books: a semi-theoretical account of conservative ideas in the first few chapters, and later, a more issue-oriented approach to American politics in 2008-2009. Ultimately, the book fails for several reasons: first, it fails because its â€Å"theory† is aimed at a popular audience, and hence, lacks the theoretical rigor of works such as The Conservative Mind. It also fails because the beginnings of the work, dealing with the founding fathers and the nature of federalism and constitutionalism, are, at best, incompletely integrated with the issue-oriented chapters that follow. Thirdly, and most seriously, the ultimately ideological aim of this book is in no respect different from the basic theoretical ideas of the Enlightenment, dependent upon John Locke, Thomas Jefferson and Adam Smith, regardless of the completely different ethical starting points of the two systems. This is a curious beginning for a work on â€Å"conservatism. † Even more odd is the author’s complete lack of differentiation among the various people that formed the artificial category of â€Å"the founding fathers. † There is nothing about Patrick Henry or George Mason’s rejection of the constitution, or the radical distinctions between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. The author is a radio talk host with a law degree. He is not a social theorist or philosopher, much less a historian, yet the scope of his work seems to demand these backgrounds. The work itself is highly unoriginal, with every idea and every ideological formulation stated in almost the precisely identical to terms in the National Review or conservative papers such as Human Events. There is nothing in the book itself that is specifically original, and these ideas have been regular currency in conservative circles since the New Deal. Since it does purport to be a summation of â€Å"conservative thought,† the fact is that the author sets the reader up for a theoretical discourse that Mr. Levin does not have te desire or ability to relate.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Ethics - Essay Example Nor is computer ethics the rote application of ethical principles to a value-free technology. Computer ethics requires us to think anew about the nature of computer technology and our values. Although computer ethics is a field between science and ethics and depends on them, it is also a discipline in its own right which provides both conceptualizations for understanding and policies for using computer technology.† (Moor, 1985) To evaluate this current ethical issue a recent (not more than four weeks old) article form the Brimbank Weekly Newspaper was evaluated. A summary of the core idea behind the article is represented as under: The basic ethical issue that has been highlighted in the article is that Web security is the right of every individual. Ethically it becomes the responsibility of every individual who is an Information and Communications Technology Professional to safeguard privacy and security of others’ interests. Any violation in doing so is not in line with the ethical boundaries to which every ICT related individual is bound. The article further proceeds as follows: The article highlights that schools often propagate the pictures and some personal information of their students without the permission of their parents. The personal information may involve the name of the child or the grade in which he studies etc. It emphasizes the fact that schools themselves do not permit students to put up their pictures in their school uniform on the internet so that the school’s image may not get associated in any inappropriate manner. On the contrary, however the school administrative itself does not practice the same for its students who should be their most valued assets. On the contrary, if the parents try to search their child’s name on any reputable on-line search engine like Google they are shocked to find repeated entries of the child’s name in various documents. This is without the acquisition of any permission from them. Entries for

Time Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Time Management - Research Paper Example From the results obtained in this study, it is clear that time management is key in ensuring that students realize better performance. As highlighted above, students with a higher self time management skills had a higher mean score on the TASK score. The statistical analysis proved that time management is correlated with student performance. This is because, students who were better placed in terms of time management skills professionally, ranked higher in terms of performance. The SPSS analysis indicates there is moderate to strong positive correlation between time management and student achievement. It was observed the five participants that completed the survey had their TAKS scores above the seventy percent-tile. It is undisputed that the process of teaching takes a considerable amount of time, and in school, just like it applies to other areas, there is never enough of it. As widely cited the biggest challenges for teachers, as well as students entail managing time. It has been noted that time management is a thread running through all aspects of teaching. It determines various activities such as organizing the day, deciding how often and how long various subjects are to be taught, organizing classroom, recording the progress of students, and how to reduce keep time-consuming behavioral problems. In the view of Berry, Daughtrey and Wieder effective use of time in school starts with efficient classroom management and organization. According to Ames and Archer most of the essentials of the classroom life often involve management of time. ... Endeavoring to elucidate on this issue, this paper seeks to investigate if there exists a significant correlation between teachers with time management skills and student achievement. This would be based on Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) scores. Statement of the Problem There is a growing pressure on teachers, students and policy makers within education sector to measure up to the expected standards of performance. Students are expected to work hard and make sure they make their parents and teachers proud by passing their exams. As often the case, administrators in charge of schools are under pressure to comply with government policies, which support better utilization of time for the better of student success. For this to be achieved there is need for school administrators, the student fraternity and the entire teaching staff to impress programs that are geared towards maximizing on time utility. This can only be done if the issue of time management is taken into co nsideration. This points to the fact that such schools need to take into consideration the role of time management and its impact on instructional time in case they so wish to meet the demands of increasing student achievement. Research Questions This study was driven by the research questions below: 1. Can the student success be influenced by time management skills? 2. Does teacher’s with time management skills and student achievement correlate? Purpose of the Study The study aimed at establishing the link between student’s achievement and time management skills. This shall be achieved through examining the two important parameters: time management skills and the academic success of students’ basing on the student scores on Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills

Salt Lake Community Collage Physical Therapist Assistant Program Essay

Salt Lake Community Collage Physical Therapist Assistant Program - Essay Example laws take an aggressive approach at prevention and also acknowledge any pre-existing conditions which patients often could not get the funding they need from insurance companies to continue therapy sessions they require. Physical therapy uses evidence-based practices that accurately demonstrate the benefits of its therapy interventions, and also strives to improve or maintain a certain level of mobility often within a restricted timeframe for patients. The impacts could be negative, particularly if insurance companies focus on the increasing use of physical therapy costs without looking at the larger cost savings physical therapy interventions offer, avoiding possible surgeries or worsening chronic impairments. The American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) estimates over time that the new provisions in healthcare will be positive for consumers and the profession of physical therapy. The Baby Boomer generation will significantly add for the increase in physical therapy visits due t o the natural aging process and more longevity. This large generation which is nearing retirement age will have healthcare coverage, often with the option of Medicare and supplemental insurances, and the new healthcare laws will be an incentive for this generation to improve or maintain their standard of living. I believe the profession of physical therapy will thrive after the majority of Americans take advantage of the new healthcare laws making it more widely available due to insurance coverage. I believe it is plausible to think that with an increase of individuals with health insurance that health services such as physical therapy will be more sought in higher demand, requiring more trained and educated physical therapy assistants to meet the increasing population of patients. The APTA may find it necessary to increase the educational requirements of the PTA to a bachelor’s degree and possibly increase the role and responsibilities of the physical therapist assistant to

Morgan Motor Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Morgan Motor Company - Assignment Example The profile of the Production manager shows that he is not trained in the techniques of production. Mere knowledge will be of no use unless one knows how to do things in sequence at a fast enough rate of speed so that out put is maximised and prices are made competitive. This is one example of how company is run as far labour recruitment is concerned. Hence the company to move forward from its century old stagnation, must implement Human Resource Development policies and train the existing labour force including supervisors and managerial level to work at optimum efficiency levels on par with current management practices and recruit new hands following scientific management methods. Besides, stocking pattern of raw materials is not in accordance with norms of working capital management. There should be forecast of raw materials and components required so that stock are maintained at optimum levels to ensure against locking of capital in non and slow moving items which can result in n on availability of funds for the much needed components for lack which production might have been held up and labour force in all other divisions will also be idling as a result. The company seems to believe in long waiting list of customers as a status symbol of its products in demand and also ensure future production. It simply believes that if the order book is full and customers are made to wait indefinitely under some false notions, the company's future is guaranteed and product's prestige is enhanced. . The only USP of the car is that its components are hand made and there are enthusiastic car lovers around to take care of the company's future. These are false notions and in modern management thinking, overflowing order book is an index of company's inefficiency and poor management. It is not the case that overflowing order book is seasonal and hence expansion for the purpose is inadvisable. The company's ability to produce cars is not more than 500 per year but the demand is much more going by the overflowing order book. It can be still higher if only deliveries are prompt which potential company has failed to realise. It is also difficult to digest that the company has not installed computer for use in its day to day management. These days, lack of computer is a serious handicap for any business or for that matter any one as the computer can give up-to-the-minute if not second update on stocks position, bills payable and receivable positions which are crucial for working capital management and accounting information such as Balance Sheet and Profit and Loss Account will show if the company is running profitably or at loss and how much it has earned or lost. so as to make future planning practicable instead of planning in darkness. Besides CADD is completely absent in the company's dictionary. There is no R & D arrangement to keep innovating and stay ahead in the market. The company's obsession with old traditions and hand made cars should not stand in the way of innovations since they need not be at the cost of old traditions and hand made cars concept. Like old wine in a new bottle, the hand made car can still be made with innovative concepts and achieve cost cutting and fuel efficiency. The ancient form of ayurveda system of medicine is now taught under modern conditions. Stethoscopes, imaging technologies are now used in

The Impact of Divorce on Children Research Paper - 1

The Impact of Divorce on Children - Research Paper Example One of the most painful and devastating effects of divorce is the loss of parents for these underage children (Abrams, 2003). This happens when there is loss of contact with one or, in extreme cases, both parents. The loss comes with the loss of assistance and emotional help. Parents give a hugely influential psychological help to their children. This includes their duty as role models. It is estimated that non residential mothers do visit their children more frequently that the fathers (Brentano, 2007). Non residential fathers tend to visit their children at most five times in a month. Study shows that 21 per cent of children do not see their father two to three years after divorce. When this contact time is lessened, it means that children shall have to look for some other person to fill in the gap (Abrams, 2003). Most children who end up in criminal gangs come from none functional families (Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 1999). Most of them are said to have lost contact with their fathers and, therefore, try to fill in that gap through negative peer pressure (Clarke-Stewart & Vandell, 2000). The quality of the time spent by the parents and a teenage child or adolescent is what actually matters. This is because there are fathers who are always at home but always fight with their children. These are the parents who do not take intentional steps to create bond with their children (Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 1999). Emotional disconnection between children and their parents leads to mental instability (Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 1999). ... Fathers who help their children in their homework and show care and affection raise children who are better socially (Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 1999). Without this connection, children are left in the dark without knowing who to look to for guidance and direction. When parents divorce, children are likely to suffer economically. This means that they are likely to suffer financially more than children whose family is intact (Hetherington & Stanley-Hagan, 1999). There are instances when parents divorce and consequently opt to live in different countries. In this case, children have to choose which parent they want to live with. There are instances when after the division of property, the father of the children who used to be the bread winner files for bankruptcy. In most cases, he urges that he is not capable of supporting the children (Abrams, 2003). In other cases, divorced families change locations, children are forced to change their social set up and the quality of life they a re used to. In most of these cases, it happens quite abruptly. The process of divorce itself can be terribly expensive to the parents and children alike (Wolfinger, 2005). The well being of children cannot be quantified entirely through money. The economics of raising children involves harmony and peace within the family institution. This is because resources are best shared in an atmosphere of peace and tranquility (Abrams, 2003). Divorce involves loss of some supportive relationships and connections. Sometimes, change in the child’s healthcare programs affects the quality of the child’s upbringing. This radical economic change has a devastating effect upon the lives of the children involved. This financial strain becomes a doorway to many other economic challenges for the young

How do different parts of the 'media' potray drugs and drug users why Essay

How do different parts of the 'media' potray drugs and drug users why do you think this is - Essay Example However, the media may present distorted information to the public regarding drugs and drug users since it might be based on individual opinion and perception. If such information is used in the efforts to curb the abuse of drugs, success may not be accomplished. There are various reasons why people use drugs. Some are used for medical reasons while others are used for pleasure. Those who use drugs for non medical purposes are faced with many problems ranging from health issues to social exclusion and stigmatization. Alcohol is the most commonly non medical drug used especially due to the fact that it is allowed by the law in many countries. The manufacturers sacrifice much of their resources in marketing and promotions, with the media playing a significant role in awareness creation among consumers. Different parts of the media are used to target various market segments of drug users. On the other hand, the media is also used for awareness creation in the fight against drug use. They provide substantial information to the public, which portray drugs as substances that are detrimental to the health of users. Moreover, drug use is portrayed as an antisocial behavior and therefore the users are viewed as posing a safety risk to the public, mai nly due to their association with crime and violent behavior. The manner in which the media portrays drugs and drug users is a significant in determinant of the drugs debate. The society’s perception is based on the information acquired from the media. Most parts of the media give the implication that drugs are dangerous substances that are associated with causing death, psychological disorders, violence, crime and many other antisocial behaviors. For this reason, drug users are portrayed as individuals who exhibit undesirable character in the community. Parrott et al. (2004 p 48) observes that the psychoactive drugs are mainly used for excitement but they may have adverse effects if they are consumed

Research questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Research questions - Assignment Example Social media is making people more introverted because it cuts of asynchronous communication. Considered a form of social media, social networking sites have altered the way people communicate, interact and respond, in particular reference to personal and professional relationships. Communication over the phone is considered more trivial than actual human interaction. This is beyond the comprehension as technology has truly taken over from all aspects, including doing easy tasks. Social media has overly taken an every human task and has automated it with a personalized tasks such as texting or tweeting someone. Social media has become a huge source of creating an introverted generation in which stion remains- has the Internet produce a thinking and analysis in children? Are We Losing Our Ability to Think Critically?, an excellent article written by Samuel Greengard certainly agrees with this phenomena. As a matter of fact, conducive research statistics indicate this to be a vital force as many children use GOOGLE as a search

Spirituality and Leadership Essay Example for Free

Spirituality and Leadership Essay Leaders and organizations are uncomfortable talking about spirituality or any subject that can be interpreted as religious. There could be several reasons why, the separation of church and state, the organizations non-discriminatory policies, or the need to conform and not be seen as weird. Therefore, we find in the literature and in mainstream words such as: Synchronicity, Zen, Spirit at work, inner work, vision, intuition, enlightened leadership, 6th sense, meditation, visualization, awareness, mystic, and many more. All of these words are synonymous with spirituality. Leaders practice spirituality†¦ as long as they just dont call it spirituality. A more appropriate term could be Holistic Leadership. The purpose of this paper is to look at elements of spirituality and leadership and their relationship to each other. Spirituality, Religion, and Leadership Spirituality and leadership are two concepts that have broad meanings and interpretations. According to Conger spirituality like leadership are two very hard concepts to describe (1994, 27). So an exploration of these two words individually or in combination could be an exercise in frustration, especially for those who seek absolute answers. (Conger 1994, 63) There are many descriptions for leadership, spirituality, and religion. For the purpose of this paper I chose the ones that I felt were the most appropriate to the topic. Spirituality So how does the literature define Spirituality? Janet Dalton Honek in her article Spirituality in My Workplace?! Not that God talk! states that Spirituality in the Workplace is an emerging field of management. It encourages you to bring your whole being into your work. It offers you the place and opportunity to use your gifts and talents to their full potential in fulfilling your job responsibilities. It encompasses a variety of elements that can be expressed in a multitude of ways. For many people, it is a sense of personal satisfaction. Kathy Szaj, a writer living in New York City, in her article Sounds like Spirit defined Spirituality as: Spirituality is†¦wonderbuilt frame of reverence. Spirituality is the habit of heading for the innerness of people, places and things, and after visiting, leaving some small token of gratitude there. Spirituality is the vision that remembers that several billion earth creatures originate from and unite at one center; the practice of purposefully acting as if all thinking/feeling/being matters. And so it does†¦in-deed. Spirituality is consciously tending to all of the above so often that it becomes as natural and necessary as breathing. In a description of the book Capturing the Heart of Leadership. Spirituality and Community in the New American Workplace. by the Greenwood Publishing Group; Spiritual leadership is described as a dynamic, interactive process that is dependent on a recognition that leadership is a rela tionship. Leaders are leaders only as far as they develop relationships with their followers, relationships that help all concerned to achieve their spiritual, as well as economic and social, fulfillment. John-Brian Paprock in his article The Spiritual Part. Employment and Spirituality states: Spirituality does not really take time, rather it is being who one is. If a person has engaged a spiritual life, then it is personal integrity that brings spirituality wherever the person is. Whether through prayer or a prayerful consciousness or through meditation or a meditative consciousness or through cultural practices, work stations and offices can become personal sacred space. Obstacles and problems become opportunities of spirit. All of life becomes an integrated adventure. Spirituality becomes the whole of life, not an extra-curricular hobby reserved for the weekend. (1997, 2). John Buck in his article Leadership and spirituality connected states that the soul of leadership is spirituality, that spirituality grounds leadership, that it is impossible to separate leadership from the spiritual essence of a leader. It is spirituality that provides substance and solidarity to a person, not leadership. It grounds the leadership style and practice of a leader. (2000,2) In a recent study on spirituality, Wade Clark Roof, a religion professor at the University of California, found an interpretation of spirituality among middle-aged Americans: In its truest sense, spirituality gives expression to the being that is in us; it has to do with feelings, with the power that comes from within, with knowing our deepest selves and what is sacred to us, with, as Matthew Fox says, heart-knowledge.' (Conger, 1994,9). Religion The Encarta World English Dictionary has the following definitions of religion: 1. Peoples beliefs and opinions concerning the existence, nature, and worship of a deity or deities, and divine involvement in the universe and human life. 2. A particular institutionalized or personal system of beliefs and practices relating to the divine. 3. A set of strongly held beliefs, values, and attitudes that somebody lives by. Religion is not the same as spirituality. But when we discuss spiritual values, highly charged issues arise. Because of religious freedom and the freedom to practice and chose your own religion and beliefs, this area has been considered sacred ground. People are afraid that if the subject of religion or spirituality is approached, someone is going to influence a persons private and individual beliefs. Rutte is more direct by saying that some individuals would try to shove a particular point of view down their throats, and this approach will take away the individuals freedom to choose and the opportunity to search for his/her own truth. (Rutte, 1991, 3). Some of the issues why we do not discuss religion in the workplace include the fear of people being dogmatic and the conflicts that could arise, taboos, the separation of church and state, freedom of religion, separation of private and business life, and unreflected notions of the Divine. (Rutte,1991,1) Leadership Leadership is a process of working with people to get things done. Joseph Jaworski in his book Synchronicity. The Inner Path of Leadership states that leadership is about learning how to shape the future. Leadership is about creating a domain in which human beings continually deepen their understanding of reality and become more capable of participating in the unfolding of the world. Ultimately, leadership is about creating new realities. (1998, 3) Roger Fulton in his book Common Sense Leadership defines leadership as: †¦the art of influencing and directing people in such a way as to obtain their willing obedience, confidence, respect and cooperation. Leadership is not a mysterious phenomenon. It is a combination of skills and observable behaviors that can be learned. (Fulton, 1995, viii). Todays Leaders The Baby Boomers We, the so-called Sixties generation, the baby boomers, now the leaders, CEOs, managers, and parents, are leading the quest for the understanding of life issues. We have more and deeper questions about life. We are once again interested in the nobler ideals of world peace, economic equality, egalitarian civil rights, human potential, and spiritual enlightenment. (Green, 2000) All we have to do is to take a look at some of the best sellers books in the market. Small inspirational books such as: The One Minute Manager, The Greatest Salesman in the World, The Chicken Soup collection, Who Moved My Cheese, Fish, The Corporate Mystic, books on stress reduction, angels, prayer, visualization, vision quests, Feng Shui, and the long list of books published by Nightingale Conant. Books and materials that are nurturing the self, the soul, the leaders, and the organizations; materials that are giving permission to the executives, leaders, business people, and CEOs to be more open and to admit that spirituality is a part of their leadership style. Think about how many doctors, CEOs, leaders, and ourselves , in a moment of need, have taken a moment to pray, to ask for help from God, the Creator, the Force, the Universe? How many business leaders write their short and long term goals and then meditate and visualize them? How many people are joining study groups, meditation groups, spiritual study groups? There is a group in the Pentagon that meets weekly for meditation and prayer for world peace. Barrett in his articles on Spirituality and the World Bank addressed the creation of The World Bank Spiritual Unfoldment Society (SUS). The mission statement of SUS is: The Spiritual Unfoldment Society promotes personal transformation through self-knowledge, understanding, and awakening higher consciousness. SUS provides a safe forum for the exchange of beliefs and ideas that promote spiritual awareness. SUS seeks to create within the World Bank a consciousness of love and understanding that contributes toward transforming the way we interact with one another (and the way the organization interacts with the world). The SUS instituted monthly meditation sessions, created special interest groups, held two retreats, an international conference, and publishes two newsletters. Barrett states: The real significance of the conference and of the Spiritual Unfoldment Society was that the Bank staff now have permission to talk about spiritual values in development, and to bring their hearts and souls to work. (1998, 2) Spirituality is for some a taboo word, for others a way of life. The driving force of the Spirituality movement is the middle class, educated vanguard of the Baby Boom generation. (Lauerman, 2000, 2). Ancient religious traditions often combined work with spiritual practice and rituals. We are now coming full circle. In her article The Missing Link Anne Colby states that We spend more and more time at work, people have less time to spend outside social groups. Theyre interested in making spirituality practical and applied, rather than just something you do on the weekend. In the same article Colby quotes Judith Neal, and states As idealistic as it sounds, Neal said she sees many signs of renaissance in workplace spirituality. She estimates [Neal] that about 10% of the management consultants working with corporations today have a spiritual focus in the work. And spirituality in the workplace has become an open topic in the personnel trade journals. Elements, characteristics, and tools The challenge of leadership is to be strong, but not rude. Be kind, but not weak. Be bold but not a bully. Be thoughtful, but not lazy. Be humble, but not timid. Be proud, but not arrogant. Have humor, but without folly. Jim Rohn Spirituality is not religion but a way of being. There is not just one definition of spirituality, but several key words appeared several times throughout the literature, words like: synchronicity, miracles, vision, from within, whole being, full potential, relationships, personal integrity, substance, feelings, meaning of life, and way of being. In attempting to explore spirituality in leadership several common areas, elements or characteristics were discussed in the literature. The table on Appendix A highlights those common areas encountered in several books and articles. The elements and characteristics of leadership and spirituality were concepts such as integrity, trust, creativity, communication, relationships, energy, vision, fun, creativity, change, and passion. Each column in the table of appendix A shows the characteristics, elements, or areas covered in each article or book. These are books such as Fish, Who moved my cheese, Jesus CEO, and the Corporate Mystic. The tools to achieve some of the characteristics and elements of spirituality and leadership are objects such as crystals, water fountains, and aromatherapy oils. Leaders are attending workshops that teach meditation, visualization, relaxation techniques, stress reduction techniques, vision quests, inner work, self-awareness and prayer groups. Retreats that are designed to balance body, mind, and spirit. There is a lot of information on energy, feng shui, tai chi, and Qi Gong. Organizations are becoming more aware of the trends in society. Spirituality in the workplace promotes an expression of talent, brilliance and genius. Baby boomers are seeking more meaning in their lives, including the place where they spend a lot of their time, work. The nature and meaning of work is undergoing an evolution. We are yearning for work to be a place in which we can experience and express our spirit. Companies are beginning to recognize employees as whole human beings and are exploring a full range of their needs and desires. Conversations are emerging around spirituality and how to nurture its potential in both the individual and the company. (Rutte, 1996, 1) McLaughlin in his article Seeking Spirituality†¦at work discusses the trends and indicates that the trend extends beyond individuals, that organizations and hundreds of companies are defining or clarifying their organizational values, universal ideas such as respect, honesty, and integrity. (1998, 2) Judy Neal, an associate professor of management at the University of New Haven, Connecticut, publishes a newsletter, Spirit at Work. In less than two years her base subscription grew to more than 1,000 professionals. When I received her bibliography on Spirit at Work it contained a list of 447 citations on Spirituality, a list that gets updated every three months. Ms. Neal fully understands the willingness of professionals to look beyond conventional sources for inspiration, insight, and imaginative ideas. She states: Developing ones own spiritual side offers a source of strength both on the job and off. Helping other employees develop theirs can make the workplace a stronger, safer and much saner, place to do business. (Brandt, 1996, 4) Holistic Leadership Your vision will become clear only when you look into your heart. Who looks outside, dreams: who looks inside, awakens. Carl Jung. I see Leadership and Spirituality as interrelated and yet distinct elements of the same issue. I related the issues of Leadership and Spirituality to the symbol of Yin and Yang. According to Chinese beliefs, every single thing that exists in the universe has two aspects, a yin and a yang. Everything has a front and a back, a top and a bottom, a left and a right, a beginning and an end. Night exists only in relation to day and cold exists in relation to heat. When I looked at spirituality in leadership I found a similar pattern. Spirituality is an internal process of looking in, self-awareness, being, and meaning. Leadership is an external process of doing things, actions, and accomplishing goals. Conger described as: †¦ the objective definitions lead us in different directions: spirit evokes images of an intangible and internal world, while leadership focuses on the visible and the external reality. Spirit is a matter of being and becoming, of creation and re-creation, while leadership is doing, acting, performing. The definition of spirit invites contemplation, analysis, and insight, while that of leadership directs our attention to visible results. (1994, 65) I believe that we are all spiritual beings that believe in something, be it God, the Universe, Money, Power, or Atheism. As human beings we are trying to find ways to be happy, respected, and loved. We live in a society that is attempting to balance life, family, work, while attempting to understand the meaning of life, and to find who we are. We find ourselves spending a lot of time at work, in traffic, and wishing we had more time to be with our families and friends. We are also finding that there is more to life and more to who we really are than just a description of the kind of work we do, the car we drive, the house we live in, or the amount of money we make every month. There is a part of us, inside ourselves that matter. It makes us who we are; unique individuals with needs and wants. When we go within, we find the beings that we are, our own Spirit, and our Spirituality. As I discussed with my husband, the fact that for a variety of reasons leaders do not like to identify with the word spirituality, we came up with a more appropriate term: holistic leadership. The Random House Websters dictionary defines holism as: the theory that whole entities have an existence other than as the mere sum of their parts. and holistic as: incorporating or identifying with the principles of holism. I looked at the leader as a whole person, with leadership and spiritual qualities. (See Appendix B). My own drawing resembled the Yin and Yang figure at the beginning of this paper. The circle represents the individual or leader with two distinct, separate, and identifiable parts, the leadership and the spiritual. The leadership moving the energy one way, while the spirituality is moving the energy in the opposite direction, yet both are a part of the same whole individual or circle. Buck expressed well when he wrote: It is impossible to separate leadership from the spiritual essence of a leader. It is spirituality that provides substance and solidarity to a person, not leadership. It grounds the leadership style and practice of a leader. Conclusion Spirituality and Leadership are becoming an important part of our culture and our organizational culture. The great spiritual search is in the mainstream. (Bird, 1994). Rutte states that new approaches in modern management theory such as productivity and quality improvement, human motivation, teamwork, and systems perspectives have markedly enhanced effectiveness. Yet there is another dimension that needs to be taken into consideration, and that is the one that relates management to fundamental matters of the spirit, which lie at the heart of all beings. If one of the trends in the workplace is to include and involve the whole person, not just the work role, then spiritual values can be included. Imagine working in an environment that includes and encourages respect, appreciates peoples discovery and living of their spiritual values, and that allows for a diversity of expression of individual life purposes. Rutte believes that within this spiritual frame the bottom line would be profitable, because productivity would be at once high, deeply satisfying, and responsive to world problems; and personal and corporate leadership would guide inspired by an appreciation of both the temporal as well as the infinite. Management in the survival mode has been based on command and control. The way you get people to produce is by telling them what to do and making sure it gets done. But in a spiritual workplace, productivity is achieved through nurturing the expression of the self and the spirit. Our job, as leaders, is to facilitate the discovery of spirit, to esteem it, to celebrate it, and to hold others accountable for their expression of it. Imagine what would happen if you had a company in which all the people were doing their lifes work. You would have more loyalty, more resilience, more creativity, more innovation, and a deeper sense of self-reliance, self-renewal and self-generation. (1991, 1-2) Todays leaders are using the tools needed to become more spiritual. The tools can help individuals look inward and start on their own path of self-discovery, self-fulfillment, and enlightenment. The research finds a great deal of evidence for the existence of Spirituality in Leadership. However, there is still resistance to calling it Spirituality. Instead, call it Holistic Leadership. Given the opportunity one evening, an average person with average aspirations asked a wise and spiritual person, What is the spiritual part of life. The wise and spiritual person responded in the expected peaceful and soothing voice, I am afraid you are mistaken. There is no spiritual part of life. After a stunned silence, I have paid attention to spiritual people all my life, I have read the sacred scriptures of my faith. How can it be that there is no spiritual part of life? The wise and spiritual person said, with the expected knowing grin, It is all spiritual.

The Worth and Purpose of Humankind Defined Essay Example for Free

The Worth and Purpose of Humankind Defined Essay What is Imago Dei? Imago Dei is our worth and our purpose defined. What does it mean that humankind is created in the â€Å"image of God?† In what different ways have theologians defined this term, and what should we understand it to mean today? What difference does it make for those who look to the authority of God’s word, and what implications does this leave us with both now and for eternity? When looking for the definition of Imago Dei, one can look several places. First, one can look to the interpretations of Biblical scholars who have commit their time to studying scripture. Second, one can look for themselves all through the Bible for the definitions and contexts provided. Third, one can look to what the world believes or doesn’t believe about Imago Dei, as is evident in both the injustices and humanitarian efforts of our time. Lastly, one can look at their own life- at what they have experienced and how they have lived their lives and discover what they believe or don’t believe about being created in the image of God. Thus said, I shall begin by answering the question, â€Å"How have Bible Scholars defined Imago Dei?† Most scholars agree with a basic outline of Imago Dei as is found in scripture, but there are several different ways of understanding its context. Theologian Wayne Gruden defines the image of God as â€Å"The nature of man that he is like God and represents God† (Gruden 1244). In Creeds of Christendom, Biblical scholar Phillip Schaff (1819-1893) explains that being made in the image of God means that God intended for us to know him intimately and to be in a reconciled relationship with him. â€Å"Man was originally formed after the image of God. His†¨understanding was adorned with a true and saving knowledge of his†¨Creator, and of spiritual things; his heart and will were upright, all†¨his affections pure, and the whole Man was holy† (Schaff 521). Schaff also notes the importance of knowing God’s design and original plan for us before the f all of man. God intended for us to be just like Him- holy, pure, and righteous in his sight (Schaff 521). Scholars of The Evangelical Dictionary of Theology have defined the â€Å"image of God† as  a fundamental biblical doctrine, an image that is â€Å"sullied by sin and that [is] restored by divine salvation† (Elwell 545). Scholar Millard J. Erickson believes that it is critical to understand who God is and who we are to Him. He says, â€Å"The implications of the image of God should inspire us and set the parameters for our view of all humanity† (Erickson 170). Erickson believes that the image of God goes beyond the substantive, relational, and functional views and that one must draw conclusions from all of scripture. I agree with Erickson that one finds a concise definition of Imago Dei in God’s word. So then, what does scripture say about Imago Dei? After much study of the Bible, Scholar Millard Erickson has outlined the places in scripture where Imago Dei has been best defined and explained. The first is in Genesis 1:26-27: â€Å"Then God said, ‘Let us make man in our own image, after our likeness, and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps upon the earth.’ So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.† This is recapitulated in Genesis 5:1: â€Å"When God created man, he made him in the likeness of God.† Then in Genesis 9:6, we learn: â€Å"Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blod be shed; for God made man in his own image.† Here we see that being created in the image of God implies that we have great worth and our lives are valuable to God. From this verse, we also see that sinful human beings co ntinue to bear God’s image. In the New Testament, the learn about the image of God as we learn about Jesus. In James 3:9, we learn that God hates when we neglect to respect and honor each other, as those who bear God’s image. â€Å"With the tongue we bless the Lord and Father, and with it we curse men, who are made in the likeness of God.† Much of the New Testament also explains that we are conformed more and more into God’s image- we become more like Him through the process of salvation. 2 Corinthians 3:18 says, â€Å"And we all, with unveiled face, beholding the glory of the Lord, are being changed into his likeness from one degree of glory to another, for this comes from the Lord, who is the Spirit.† Erickson explains that from searching scripture, Bible scholars and church leaders have come to accept one or more of three views on the Image of God- the substantive view, the relational view, or the  functional view. The substantive view states that humankind has many of the same qualities and characteristics as God. These include the physical, psychological and spiritual likeness of God. The relational view states that we understand what it means to be made in the image of God through knowing him in a personal relationship (Erickson 122). We also better understand who God is and who we are through hum an relationships, such as the love relationship between a husband and wife (Erickson 123). Even more so, we understand the image of God through knowing the person of Jesus- For Jesus is the very likeness of God, and we become more like God through knowing Christ. The functional view holds that we understand who God is and who we are through what we do. In our dominion over creation and in our being commissioned by Christ to make disciples, we do our best to learn about all that God has given us and to honor God with our lives. We learn about God by following Christ’s example and by living a life worthy of our calling (Eph. 4:1). This is the basis of what scripture tells us about what it means to be made in the image of God. Does everyone have a basic understanding of Imago Dei, then? What does what is going on in the world today, and the way that most people treat each other reveal about what people believe about this subject? Let us look at both the good and bad social realities of our culture, and ask ourselves, â€Å"What does life look like for those who seek to understand and accept what God says about Imago Dei compared to what life looks like for those who do not know God?† The list of atrocities and injustices through time is endless. One does not have to look far to see the evil that has resulted from people rejecting God and oppressing one another. Slavery, war, greed, and oppression- an ocean of these disasters has swept through time, making every child ask â€Å"why?† and â€Å"how† could this be? Today, still, there are injustices to the human race that are hard to understand. In fact, people look everywhere for answers- to the media, to scholars, to historians, and to their leaders, but their search is in vain. Their hearts are left burning and throbbing. What then has led to the bullying of children, the gossip, and most frightening, the genocides that never cease to degrade the human race and leave us asking, â€Å"Why?† It is this: Man has rejected God and does not know who he is, and in turn, they do not know who  their Creator has intended them to be. The more I see of the world, the more I know I have been spared. In knowing who God is and who he says I am, I have been set free. I am free to forgive, free to love, free to honor, and free to value each person that God has made in â€Å"his own image.† Knowing that every person on earth has infinite worth in God’s sight, so much that he came to earth to die a criminal’s death on a cross for their sins, that they might trust Him and be reconciled to the Him who loves them and treasures them more than they could ever imagine- this changes everything. I have seen the difference that believing the truth about God and about me not only in my own life, but also in the lives all around me. That others â€Å"know we are Christians by our love† is true in not all, but many communities of believers. When I see love that doesn’t look for any in return I know that there is an understanding of Imago Dei. For the sake of the Nations and for the sake of the church, my prayer is that Imago Dei will continue to be understood and lived out, that all might know God and be reconciled to him. What is Imago Dei? Imago Dei is where humankind finds all of their worth. It is what drives our convictions and frees us to love, forgive, and value each other. Theologians explain that the image of God is often understood through the substantive view- that we are like God in having the same physical, mental and spiritual qualities and abilities that he has, the relational view- that we understand who God is and who we are through a relationship with Him and through our relationships with others, and the functional view- that we better understand what it means to be made in the image of God through our experiences and actions, in living our lives for Christ. What difference does it make to know who God is and who he says we are? All of the difference in the world- literally. Works Cited Elwell, Walter A. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Book House, 1984. Print. Grudem, Wayne A. Systematic Theology: An Introduction to Biblical Doctrine. Leicester, England: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994. Print. Erickson, Millard J, and L A. Hustad. Introducing Christian Doctrine. Grand Rapids, Mich: Baker Academic, 2001. Print. Schaff, Philip. Bibliotheca Symbolica Ecclesiae Universalis: The Creeds of Christendom. Grand Rapids: Baker, 1966. Print.

Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Meningioma

Oral Contraceptive Use and the Risk of Meningioma Abstract: Oral contraceptive use is a suspected risk factor for the development of a meningioma. This is supported by meningiomas being more common in females than males, the growth of meningiomas being affected by the menstrual cycle and the presence of estrogen, progestogen and androgen receptors on meningiomas. Some previous studies indicate an association between current use of oral contraceptives and the development of a meningioma, but most studies do not show an effect and are of low power to show an association. This case-control study aims to find out if there is an association between current or ever use of an oral contraceptive and developing a meningioma in pre-menopausal females. It also aims to look if this risk differs with hormone type. It does so by comparing cases in the three states of Eastern Australia of women aged between 16 and 45 who require surgical resection or biopsy of their meningioma with population-based controls. Aims: To prove that the use of an oral contraceptive pill is a risk factor for developing a meningioma in pre-menopausal women in Australia. To determine whether the risk of a meningioma that is associated with taking oral contraceptives differs by current use, ever use and type of oral contraceptive. Background: Current oral contraceptive use is suspected to increase the risk of meningioma, but more studies need to be done in order to confirm this association. (1) The most recent study found no increase in risk with ever use of oral contraceptives, but found an increased risk in current users of an oral contraceptive with an OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.1–2.9 in pre-menopausal women. (1) This result is statistically significant at the 5% level. The study was a case-control study which is appropriate as the outcome is rare and the exposure is common. The results from this study are limited from the fact that they only had 87 cases for pre-menopausal women who were using oral contraceptives, but since such a small sample size did pick up an association it makes it more likely to be a true association. This study had a wide variety of exposures they were looking for and so the statistically significant results that they did publish may have been due to chance from looking at so many possibilities. In regards to selection bias in this study the controls were selected by random digit dialling so this would have resulted in people who do not have access to a telephone from being excluded from the study. Controls did end up being more likely to be white, have 16 or more years of schooling and a salary greater than $75,000. If people with these characteristics are more likely to be taking oral contraceptives then it would have resu lted in an underestimation of risk, but this was minimised through adjustment in the analysis. Also only 65% of patients and 52% of controls participated in the studyso if the ones who participated were more or less likely to have taken an oral contraceptive it would have an effect on the relative risk. They did compare the people who participated and those who did not with the known confounders of age and residence and only the control groups differed by age with those who participated being more likely to be old. If the older people were more likely to be taking oral contraceptives it may have affected the results, but this was adjusted for in the analysis to minimise the effect. There is no mention of whether the researchers who administered the interview were blinded so if they were expecting an increased association between oral contraceptives and meningiomas they may have been more likely to find one. In terms of the generalizability of the results it was a multi-centerstudy a nd could be generalizable to the rest of the population in the United States. If different countries had different incidences of certain receptor subtypes of meningiomas then the relative risk may be affected so care should be taken in generalizing the results out of the country. The results cannot be generalised to the less serious meningiomas which do not need surgery as this study did not include them. Another study by Michaud D.S.et al.(2010) found an OR 3.61, 95% CI 1.75–7.46 comparing current users of the oral contraceptive to never users. (2) This was in a large prospective cohort study called the EPIC cohort study. One flaw in this study was the possibility of diagnostic bias if the users of oral contraceptives were more likely to be investigated and diagnosed with a meningioma which would have increased the association. A strength of this study is the objective measuring of exposure status. They also identified a dose-response trend in pre-menopausal women using an oral contraceptive (HR [95% CI]: 1.21 [0.36-4.06], 1.55 [0.53-4.56], 2.97 [1.08-8.15], 3.22 [1.04-10.0], 3.60 [1.00-13.0] for 1 5-10-15 years of use, respectively, p-trend = 0.01). (2) There have been a few other studies, but none have found a statistically significant risk. (3,4,5) These case-control and cohort studies all have a relatively small number of cases and therefore low power to pick up a true ass ociation. In the case-control trials recall bias is difficult to rule out as well as selecting a suitable population that resembles the cases. Furthermore only one of these looked for an association in those on current oral contraceptive use. This calls for a larger study with more power which can pick up an association even if it is quite small. There are a few findings that point towards a possible association between meningiomas and certain hormones. One of these is the fact that meningiomas are more common in females than males, especially in their reproductive years. (6) Another study has found oestrogen, progestogen and androgen receptors associated with some meningiomas. (7) An older study as well as a more recent case reports indicated that meningiomas become more symptomatic with changes in the menstrual cycle and during pregnancy. (8,9) These all point towards a possible association between estrogen or progestogen and meningiomas therefore it is an important area to research in order to expand knowledge on this common type of brain tumor. Study Design: The type of study design required to answer the aims is a case-control study. As developing a meningioma is a rare outcome, especially in the age group this study is based in, and the exposure of current use of an oral contraceptive is common this makes a case-control study the most efficient way to study this association. Compared to a cohort study they are rapid and cost-effective as cohort studiesrequirea very large population and a long follow-up period to have enough power to detect an association. A randomised control trial would be more likely to have the results not affected by confounding, but the study would be unethical. This study must be based overseas in order to increase the number of cases per year. All Australian states and territories have mandatory reporting of all cancers which will allowthe identification of cases. (10) The incidence of meningioma in Australia is approximately 1.1 to 1.8 cases per 100,000 person years with a 2.6:1 female to male ratio. (6) For this reason and the fact that the incidence is less frequent in a younger population it requires a multi-centre approach and an extended study period are needed in order to have a sufficient number of cases. The source population will beall females between the ages of 16 and 45 in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland and cases will be drawn from the cancer registry as they become available. The control group will be population-based and selected from the census. In order to determine the sample size needed for this study the biostatistician will be informed that the study needs to have a large enough power to pick up a 10% increas ed risk. The result should be statistically significant at 5%. The biostatistician needs to know the expected incidence of the meningiomas in these territories and the proportion of people expected to be using the two types of oral contraceptives. This can be found through state-specific trends or may use the mean and standard deviation from previous years’ data. The number of cases this study requires will determine how long the study will run for. In order to minimise selection bias the criteria for each of the groups needs to be strictly defined. The case criteria is a meningioma of grade I, II or III according to histological diagnosis by a pathologist. The exposure of current use of an oral contraceptive is defined as taking any oral contraceptive for at least 3 months previous to the diagnosis or in the case of controls 3 months before entry into the study. The exposure status of ever use of an oral contraceptive is defined as if the participant ever taking a single oral contraceptive pill. The population from which the cases arise from are all women between the ages of 16 and 45 in Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. People will be excluded from the study if they do not speak English, if they have had a previous meningioma, if they have had a brain tumor of unknown pathology, if they have a diagnosed mental health condition, if they have had breast cancer and if they are from a different state or out of the country. Controls will be selected randomly and matched in terms of age, ethnicity, area of residence and socioeconomic status which are all factors that could potentially confound the relationship due to affecting the exposure and the outcome, but not being on the causal pathway between the two. A total of 4 controls will be obtained per case due to the abundance of controls and the relatively small effect of adding any more controls. The cases and controls will be contacted for participation in the study through mail and if they accept to be in the study a survey will be sent that includes questions related to the confounding factors and the exposure including questions for those who have ever used an oral contraceptive for what duration and which type of oral contraceptive. Information about other possible confounding factors such as smoking status and alcohol use will also be collected. In order to make it more likely that the study participants are representative of the population the variables that are matched for in each group and the rates of smoking and alcohol use will be compared to the rates in the whole population. These variables will also be compared to those people who dropped out of the study when possible to aid in identifying a systematic difference between those who participated and those who did not. To give an improved chance of patient participation a second survey will be sent to the patient s if they do not respond within 2 weeks. If the participants are interviewed then the interviewer will have a priori knowledge of the group the participant is associated with and might bias the results towards a significant result. In order to minimise information bias the cases and controls should be blinded in regards to the aim of the study. To aid in achieving this, the survey sent out to the participants will include questions in regards to other medicines and lifestyle factors such as smoking and drinking. This will prevent the study participants from falsifying their exposure status to agree with what the study is trying to find out and hence would falsely increase the negative risk. One of the largest problems in case control studies is recall bias. To help minimise it a pamphlet with the type of oral contraceptives and what they look like will be included. Everyone in the study gets the same survey and the diagnostic criteria for meningioma are the same in all centres in Australia so information bias from this is unlikely. There also needs to be timely addition of the cases into the cancer registry, otherwise the study will mainly look at the meningioma cases with longer survival. If oral contraceptive s are more likely to cause a meningioma with a worse prognosis then the risk will be lower than it actually is. The results from the study will be presented as: The odds ratio reported would be after analysis to take into account that the cases each had 4 individually matched controls. The adjusted OR takes into account that smoking status and alcohol use may be confounders. This study is ethically sound. It is observational so there is no intervention for the patient. It is also optional and provides no advantage or disadvantage for those participating. Confidentiality will be maintained as only study researchers will have access to the data and none of the data reported in the study will be able to be linked to a specific patient. The study is feasible, but depends on the sample size that is required. In terms of cost there are no biological tests that need to be performed as all information required is obtained through a survey. The cost of mailing out the surveys and paying staff to collect the information and analyse the data must be considered and budgeted accordingly. One of the advantages of case control studies is looking at multiple exposures hence including other exposures that are of interestcould increase the value of the study and make it more cost-efficient. Implications: There are many benefits to this study. As oral contraceptives are already known to increase the risk of other cancers like breast and cervical cancer, if a causal relationship is found with meningioma, this is another cancer risk that patients must be informed before taking the oral contraceptive. (11) When oral contraceptives will be linked to meningioma, prescribing patterns for those patients who are already at an increased risk for example if they had previous radiation exposure must change. Also patients who have had a previous diagnosis of meningioma would need to strongly consider avoiding taking any oral contraception. These patients would need to find alternate treatment or alternate methods of contraception. If there is an association in the combined oral contraceptive and not the progestogen oral contraceptive this can be recommended to those at risk of developing a meningioma. Another use for determining if there is an associated risk would be through finding treatments o r cures for meningiomas. If estrogen or progestogenis found to be related to the development of meningiomas further studies could find a pathway that causes this increased risk and treatments focused on disrupting this pathway may be effective. References: Claus EB, Calvocoressi L, Bondy ML, Wrensch M, Wiemels JL, Schildkraut JM. Exogenous hormone use, reproductive factors, and risk of intracranial meningioma in females. Journal of neurosurgery. 2013;118(3):649-56. Michaud DS, Gallo V, Schlehofer B, Tjonneland A, Olsen A, Overvad K, et al. Reproductive factors and exogenous hormone use in relation to risk of glioma and meningioma in a large European cohort study. Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology. 2010;19(10):2562-9. Benson VS, Pirie K, Green J, Casabonne D, Beral V. Lifestyle factors and primary glioma and meningioma tumours in the Million Women Study cohort. Br J Cancer. 2008;99:185–190 Hatch EE, Linet MS, Zhang J, Fine HA, Shapiro WR, Selker RG, et al. Reproductive and hormonal factors and risk of brain tumors in adult females. Int J Cancer. 2005;114:797–805 Johnson DR, Olson JE, Vierkant RA, Hammack JE, Wang AH, Folsom AR, et al. Risk factors for meningioma in postmenopausal women: results from the Iowa Women’s Health Study. NeuroOncol. 2011;13:1011–1019 Dobes M, Khurana VG, Shadbolt B, Jain S, Smith SF, Smee R, et al. Increasing incidence of glioblastomamultiforme and meningioma, and decreasing incidence of Schwannoma (2000-2008): Findings of a multicenter Australian study. Surgical neurology international. 2011;2:176 Schnegg JF, Gomez F, LeMarchand-Beraud T, de Tribolet N. Presence of sex steroid hormone receptors in meningioma tissue. Surgical neurology. 1981;15(6):415-8. Bickerstaff ER, Small JM, Guest IA. The relapsing course of certain meningiomas in relation to pregnancy and menstruation. J NeurolNeurosurg Psychiatry. Cushing H, Eisenhardt L: Meningiomas: Their Classification, Regional Behavior, Life History, and Surgical End Results. Springfield, Ill: Charles C Thomas, 1938, 785 pp Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2013) Cancer Registration in Australia, Available at: http://www.aihw.gov.au/cancer-registration-in-australia/ (Accessed: 6th April 2014). Burkman R, Schlesselman JJ, Zieman M. Safety concerns and health benefits associated with oral contraception. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2004; 190(4 Suppl):S5–22.