Unresolved Alphonso essays

Unresolved Alphonso essays The Color Purple, written by Alice Walker, which Is a novel on many letters written to God by one little girl as she grows up. It is based on a women living in rural Georgia named Celie. She grows up living in pain and misery from her stepfather Alphonso. Celie lived with her mother and sister along with the frightening stepfather. Early on Celies sister runs away after the mother had died. So Celie was stuck at home with Alphonso who had remarried soon after his wifes death. Celie was lucky to escape the pain he brought her but was scared for life. She soon married a man named Mr. _____ who had beaten her also throughout the marriage. As she finds a friend of the name Shug Avery, who Celie admires and looks up to, as well as respect. But as Shug befriends her, she feels horrible, but not otherwise hate toward Shug. They become friends and go through life together, even though Shug had been ill. As time goes on Celie rejoins with her sister in the end as she thought she was dead aft er no communication. The unresolved era of Alphonso goes throughout the novel with nothing resolved for what has happened to Celie. Alphonso was Celie stepfather which she had no idea about till she was rejoined with her sister. He would beat her and abuse her frequently, having Celie no control over what was happening. He would also rape her, impregnating Celie twice. Celie would explain in detail what he would do to her. Then he push his thing inside my pussy. When that hurt, I cry.(p.1) With Alphonso taking the baby both times and getting rid of them, Celie had no idea what had happened to them. Alphonso had full control over everything Celie and sister Nettie did. So Celie is in a way forced to marry Mr. _____ who also beats her. As Celie gets out of the home away from her father. I got to get rid of her. She too old to be living here at home (p.9) As Alphonso says to Mr. _____ to get Celie out of ...

How Remote Employees Stay Focused And Get Organized With Nathan Hirsch

How Remote Employees Stay Focused And Get Organized With Nathan Hirsch How long is your commute to work? Maybe 15 minutes or more, depending on traffic, weather, and other factors? Some marketers get to just roll out of bed and go to their home office. According to Upwork, 63% of companies now have remote workers and almost 50% use freelancers. How does remote working affect productivity, collaboration, and organization of marketing teams and businesses? Today, my guest is Nathan Hirsch, FreeeUp.com founder and CEO. We talk about decisions and tactics to consider if your company wants to embrace a remote working environment. Short Version of Entrepreneurial Story: Broke college student to starting an Amazon business to owning a freelancer marketplace FreeeUp helps businesses grow by knowing when, who, and how to hire Managing and working within remote teams effectively Pros and Cons: Access to talent, overhead costs, flexibility Commitment to Communication: Nothing gets lost or misinterpreted Put plans and tools in place to avoid potential pitfalls FreeeUp’s Expectations for Freelancers: Skill, attitude, and communication Remote Culture: Separate office spaces, but on the same page Hiring always involves risk and reward; build trust and relationships Levels and Skill Sets: Basic (followers), Mid (doers), and High (experts) Links: FreeeUp Upwork Fiverr Skype Trello WhatsApp LastPass Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive cool swag! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Nathan Hirsch: â€Å"I went back to remote, and I haven’t really turned back since. To me, that’s the direction we’re going, whether you like it or not.† â€Å"Now, if you are looking to hire, you get access to people all over the world. You just get so much flexibility as a business owner.† â€Å"It’s all about the communication. You have to have the best, strongest communication, if you want it to work.† â€Å"Building a remote culture is slightly harder. It requires that extra effort.†

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 125

Summary - Essay Example Besides, the article provides that the most significant thing in an economy is the expectations by consumers of the business conditions in the future. Moreover, the current forecasts in the economy are dependent on the transition of expectations by the customer (MacKuen). The variances do not have any impact on the prevailing economy. The article, therefore, states the statement that an electorate’s decision on the best candidate in a presidency election is dependent on their current future expectations. If the expectations tend to be positive, rewarding of the presidency occurs. Correspondingly, if the expectations are negative, punishment of the presidency occurs. According to the classical theory of democracy, a good election is dependent on the activeness of a voter. On the other hand, the article negates the point in that the average voter is incapable of meeting the traits as put forward by the theory. The article provides another avenue for arriving at a good election. The only trait to possess is a good election is to come of age is only to have the right interests that have the right justification. The fact will lead to correct voting (Redlawsk). The essay also explains that the estimation of the voter’s determination of making a correct choice is possible although in a reasonable manner. The article puts forward that with such kind of reasoning, the American society in two elections had a seventy-five percent correct vote for the available five candidates who were contesting for the presidency. As a consequence, the availability of a standard measure for correct voting can change the perspective of political science. According to the article, political science would result to the exploration of the factors that lead to the probability of a successful and correct voting. The article bases its argument on the initial survey data of elections that later on were the national studies of elections. The main argument is that the decision of voting

Business Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business Regulations - Essay Example This code was set up by the Press Compliant Commission in order to regulate the industry. This commission is an independent entity that was set up in the early 1990s following the recommendations of a commission on press regulation that was chaired by Sir. David Calcutt. The commission’s core responsibility is to ensure that the press adheres to the agreed code of practice on sensitive topics such minors and privacy (Fourie 2002: 46). In case of any breach of the code of conduct, the commission will conduct an investigation and either uphold the complaint or dismiss it in its entirety. With the exception of incidents regarding inaccuracies (these are dealt with by the editor responsible) all other cases have to be adjudicated and published by the commission. This commission came to being ultimately because government wanted to come up with measures to ensure protection of individual’s privacy rights against the activities of various media houses. The commission that was set up to give recommendations on how to replace the Press council which was the regulatory body before. This new regulatory body, the PCC had a maximum of one and a half years to have its impact felt or be replaced by a system that was to be statutory based. The defunct Press Council had been set up in the year 1947. This was after the recommendations of the Royal commission into regulation of the press. It was introduced to mainly deal with the ongoing claims of deteriorating standards in the press. It was however not successful and this was evident in the 1980s when the National Union of Journalists withdrew its membership. Many publications were ignoring it due to the fact that it did not any formal code of practice that the press could adhere to. It also did not have any legal means to enforce its resolutions and sanctions.(McNair, 2009) Over the years since the year 2000, events

Underage Drinking Essay Example for Free

Underage Drinking Essay Joseph A. Califano, Jr. , Chairman and President of The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University once said, â€Å"A child who reaches age 21 without smoking, abusing alcohol or using drugs is virtually certain never to do so. † â€Å"Damn! †, I thought to myself as I rolled over and looked at the clock on the nightstand upon hearing my phone ringing at exactly 1:35 in the morning. I instantly new and felt something was wrong. â€Å"May I speak with First Sergeant Foy please? † growled the man with the husky voice on the other side of the phone line. â€Å"First Sergeant, this is Sergeant Miller of the Military Police station here at Fort Campbell. I have three of your soldiers here that are being charged with underage drinking and public intoxication. Can you please have a Sergeant First Class or higher here to sign for the soldiers? † â€Å"Yeah†, I barked into the phone. â€Å"I will be there shortly. † I hang up the phone without asking who the three soldiers were. Traveling back on base to Fort Campbell, my mind was racing back and forth between who the three soldiers were and what I would do to them as punishment when I arrive. Upon arrival at the military police station, there sat handcuffed Private First Class Lees, Private First Class Pierre and Private First Class Beck. All three, upon seeing my arrival, looked to the ground. Looking at them reminded me of the look my son gives me every time he does something wrong. Without a word, I signed for the three soldiers and called up their respective Platoon Sergeants, at least now knowing for sure they are already awake by that time, at 03:00 in the morning. I commanded the soldiers to stay at the barracks for the rest of the four-day weekend and be ready to see me at 09:30 AM after their first day back. The following Tuesday, the soldiers were then read their Miranda rights and are given a packet that they will have to take a lawyer to look. After which, they were given their corresponding punishments known as the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Punishments range from taking the rank from the soldiers, which we call a bust, and/or restriction to the post, and/or imposing extra duty, and/or taking monetary amount from the soldiers. These are, of course, up to the Commander of the unit. I, being a First Sergeant, am the right hand and senior advisor to the Commander of the company. Usually, whatever the First Sergeant and Commander agree upon will ultimately be the punishment of the soldiers. The following month, all three soldiers were given suspended busts, forfeiture of 300 dollars for one month, extra duties and restriction for seven days. One of the soldiers asked during his time with the Commander, â€Å"If I can vote, go to Iraq next month with my unit, serve my country with honor, combat terrorism and even give my life for my country at eighteen, then why can’t I have a drink or two with my friends before I leave? † Seven days later, we deployed to Iraq. The reason that I narrated this story first is simply to recognize the fact that underage drinking has become a problem in the United States of America and even in the Military. In fact, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism stated, â€Å"By the time they reach the eighth grade, nearly 50 percent of adolescents have had at least one drink, and over 20 percent report having been drunk. Among 12th graders, almost 30 percent report drinking on three or more occasions per month. Approximately 30 percent of 12th graders engage in heavy drinking or binge drinking, that is having at least five or more drinks on one occasion within the past 2 weeks, and it is estimated that 20 percent do so on more than one occasion† (â€Å"National Institute†, 2003). These percentages are astounding whenever I think about everything else that goes along with underage drinking such as drunk driving, sexual misconduct and even death. But, as I contemplate on this serious social and health issue, I cannot help but think to myself the experiences I had with regard to underage drinking. At the time when I was still a minor, I remembered knocking a few beers with my guy friends at our football team’s victory party. I knew back then that doing these things were largely for the purpose of being able to ‘fit in’. I believe it would be pretty accurate to say that peer pressure, especially today, is indeed one of the main reasons why teens indulge in underage drinking. According to Wikipedia (2008), â€Å"Peer pressure is a term describing the pressure exerted by a peer or group in encouraging a person to change their attitude, behavior and/or morals to conform to, for example, the group’s actions, fashion sense, taste in music and television, or outlook on life (â€Å"Peer†, 2008) In my opinion, peer pressure is the most dangerous â€Å"weapon† used against teens today. Knowing that teenagers nowadays are too gullible or susceptible to society or friends’ influences, for me, peer pressure may indeed be considered a dangerous weapon used, though obliquely, by teens. It is very possible that what parents teach their children throughout from their childhood to teenage years are easily swayed and distorted by influential friends overnight. According to the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth at Georgetown University (2008), underage drinking is estimated to account for between 12 percent and 20 percent of the United States alcohol market. It also states that more youth in the United States drink alcohol than smoke tobacco or marijuana, making it the drug most used by American young people† (â€Å"The Center†, 2008). Tallying that up, it would take millions and millions of dollars that teenagers spend on alcohol, just to fit in or have to face the consequences of becoming a full blown alcoholic at an early age or even later on into adulthood. Teenagers must be made aware of the long term effects of alcohol use. Dependence on alcohol has also been linked to depression, anxiety, oppositional defiant disorder, antisocial personality disorder and other psychological problems, some more severe then the ones mentioned. Some way, we have to get it through to them that drinking alcohol can and in most cases will lead to harder drugs. It is considered a responsibility of the society to protect the welfare of its adolescent members. Communities as a whole must come together to help prevent the use of alcohol in our teens today. And this must be a concerted effort to work effectively. Parents have to look for signs of underage drinking actively. Look for signs like mood swings, sudden problems in school such as poor attendance, sudden disobedience of family rules, hanging out with a new group of friends that they do not want for you to meet, low energy and a lack of interest in activities, smelling alcohol on your kids breath or just any behavior that is not in the norm for your child. Take action immediately. Communication is a good means. Let them know the long term effects of alcohol dependency and make them feel they are not hopeless. If children can see their parents drinking, there is also a great tendency for the former to do the same. Therefore, parents must be warily responsible. Growing Kids’ (2007) article stated, â€Å"It is much better to show your children how to expect them to behave, rather than merely telling them. † Together as a whole community we can make a difference (â€Å"Growing Kids†, 2007). In the story I have narrated, the young soldiers, no matter how disciplined they are supposed to be, will still go through the ‘need’ to engage in drinking. At times, I think, who am I to prevent them from doing what they want? But thinking of the perilous effects of underage drinking makes me feel responsible for these soldiers. I have a role to play in their lives. The fact that I am of authority to them issues me the ‘privilege’ to teach them what is bad and swerve from such. The fact that the three soldiers were caught and put in military police custody already proposes a significant presence of alcohol influence even in teens who are supposed to be extremely disciplined and guarded. How much more those people who are freely able to decide for themselves without supervision of people in authority? The fact that sever military punishments, even if they were aware of it, did not stop them from consuming alcohol only shows the possibility for them not to care about the penalty or retribution that they will get. Are teenagers nowadays becoming less and less wary just to have fun and drink? Parents are not the only ones responsible for these young adults. We, too, are. If we would not do something for these kids, who will? Besides, it is the future generation that will be affected, and we would not want that to happen.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder which can afflict a person throughout his lifetime: "The individual who suffers from OCD becomes trapped in a pattern of repetitive thoughts and behaviors that are senseless and distressing but extremely difficult to overcome" (http:www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/ocd.htm). Obsessions and compulsions are the two main components of this disorder. The former are often highly negative such as an ever-present fear of germs. Compulsions such as repeated handwashings are rituals designed to lessen anxiety produced by obsessions. Depending on the severity, OCD can have an adverse affect on every realm of a person's life. The outlook is optimistic, however, because research has shown that even people suffering from severe OCD may benefit from medication, behavioral therapy, or a combination of the two. Researchers have gained much insight into the cause of the disorder by comparing OCD brains with "normal" brains. There is continued debate about whether OCD is caused by neurobiological factors, environmental influences, or both. There is at least evidence to show that the brains of OCD sufferers differ from "normal" brains in systematic ways: "Recent preliminary studies of the brain using magnetic resonance imaging showed that the subjects with OCD had significantly less white matter than did normal control subjects, suggesting a widely distributed brain abnormality in OCD" (http://www.nimh.nih.gov/publicat/ocd.htm). The white matter, which lies beneath the cerebral cortex, contains axons which connect neurons in the cerebral cortex to neurons in other parts of the brain. Lowered white matter content seems to suggest that there is less intracranial communication in the brains of OCD patients. Another study showed that "persons having OCD often exhibit abnormal rates of metabolic activity [in direct correlation with the severity of the disorder] in the frontal lobe and the basal ganglia [more specifically in the orbital cortex] of the brain" (http://www.mhsource.com/hy/naf-ocd.html). It has been suggested that the orbital cortex is responsible for stimulating a "worry circuit" consisting of the "caudate nucleus, a part of the basal ganglia that helps in switching gears from one thought to another; the cingulate gyrus, which wrenches the gut with dread, and the thalamus, which processes the body's sensory inputs" (http://www.schizophrenia.com/ami/diagnosi s/ocd.html). It is hypothesized that in OCD, these 3 respective brain areas become linked in action. Susan Swedo and her colleagues at NIMH have hypothesized that because OCD behaviors have been connected with antibodies attacking the basal ganglia, repeated strep throat infections in childhood may lead the formation of the fused "worry circuit.

Gas Crisis in Bangladesh

Natural gas in Bangladesh From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2012) This article is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. (April 2012) This article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. April 2012) The presence of Natural Gas in Bangladesh has been established through exploration by Bangladesh’s public energy company, Petrobangla, and more recently international oil and gas companies (IOCs) have established the existence of a significant energy source. Contents [hide] †¢1 Estimated reserves †¢2 The domestic natural gas industry †¢3 References †¢4 External links [edit]Estimated reserves In recent years, several trillion cubi c feet (TCF) of natural gas have been added to the confirmed 10. 5 TCF known as of 1996.Due to the fact that there has been comparatively little exploration to date, estimates of the total extractable natural gas resource in Bangladesh are uncertain and vary widely. An estimate of 20 TCF is gaining acceptance among experts, but some argue that experiences in comparable basins elsewhere in the world suggest that the ultimate recoverable resource could be as high as 50 TCF or even 100 TCF. At the current rate of natural gas use in Bangladesh (1000 mmcfd), the current estimated proven reserves would last 45 years.Even if the present rate of use increases at 10 per cent per year, these reserves would last about 17 years. A reserve-production Reserves-to-production ratio of 17 is higher than that for most industrial countries heavily dependent on natural gas, examples beingNorway, Canada, U. S. , and U. K. Here only the R/P ratio of gas is being considered for comparison. Relative to Ban gladesh, these industrial countries have more diverse indigenous energy sources such as coal, oil and nuclear. The U. S. still uses coal to produce more than half its electricity.There are huge resources of gas in Bangladesh. Places where gas is commercially refines include: Titas, Habiganj, Bakhrabad, Narshingdi, Meghna, Sylhet, Kailashtilla, Rashidpur, Beanibazar,Fenchuganj and Salda Nadi. In 2001, Petrobangla Director Major Raihanul Abedin initiated the national plan to decrease the use of using liquid fuels, by introducing natural gas conversion. He thought if cars could be converted to use cooking gas instead of rather harmful fuels, the carbon emission would decrease exponentially. He was given the permission by the Prime Minister Khaleda Zia to carry out his plans. 1][2] As a result, Asian Development Bank funded his scheme and today more than 80% of Bangladeshi vehicles are run on gas which has lessened pollution significantly. [3] [edit]The domestic natural gas industry Pet robangla (Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation), a 100 per cent state owned corporation, has the primary responsibility for the natural gas industry in Bangladesh. Petrobangla is under the direction of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources; it comprises several groups of companies: ? An exploration company – Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company ?Production companies – Bangladesh Gas Fields Company and Sylhet Gas Fields Company ? Transmission and distribution companies; ?Titas Gas Transmission and Distribution Company ?Bakhrabad Gas System ?Jalalabad Gas Transmission and Distribution System ?Western Zone Gas Supply Co. (Poschim Anchal Gas Bitaran Company, WESGAS, a new company for distribution of gas in the western part of Bangladesh) ? A compressed natural gas company – Rupantarita Prakritik Gas Company Leading Private Companies Involved in Natural Gas Industry ?Libra Enterprise (www. libraenterprise. om) ?Gasmin Limited ?Foundry Limited [edit] References 1. ^ [M. Raihanul Abedin. Use of CNG as an Alternative Fuel for Transport-Air Pollution Control Perspective (2001) p. 49-54, International Seminar on Air Pollution in Dhaka City, October 30, 2001; France Bangladesh Association of Scholars and Trainees (FBAST). 2. ^ Dhaka Clean Fuel Project: Bangladesh at Asian Development Bank 3. ^ Lisa Schroeder (March 25, 2009). â€Å"Compressed natural gas clears the air in Bangladesh: Cleaner-burning fuel is reducing dangerous levels of pollution – and saving money, too. â€Å".The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2012-06-12. ?†Natural Resources of Bangladesh†. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ?†Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology†. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ?†Natural Gas Options for Bangladesh†. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ?†Natural gas reserve estimates vary widely for Bangladesh†. Retrieved May 17, 2012. Description Bangladesh has some oil reserves near Haripur in the east ern hilly district of Sylhet, but these have yet to be developed. The Haripur reserves are estimated at 40 Mbbl, and the total resource is likely to be much higher..The search of oil and gas in the area constituting Bangladesh began in the later part of the 19th century through some isolated geological mapping. The first serious attempt to find oil and gas was undertaken in Sitakund in 1908 by the Indian Petroleum Prospecting Company. During 1923-31 Burmah Oil Company (BOC) drilled two shallow wells in Patharia. The wells were abandoned though there was a reported occurrence of oil. A total of 6 exploratory wells were drilled, the deepest being 1047 meters. There was however no discovery and the Second World War disrupted further activity.After the liberation of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation (Petrobangla) was formed, while the Bangladesh Petroleum Act was enacted in 1974. The offshore area of Bangladesh was divided in to 6 blocks, which were taken up by Ash land, ARCO, BODC (Japex), Union Oil, Canadian Superior Oil and Ina Naftaplin under production sharing contract. These companies 7 offshore wells resulted in the discovery of Kutubdia offshore gas field. According to the 2008 BP Statistical Energy Survey, Bangladesh had 2007 proved natural gas reserves of 0. 39 trillion cubic metres, 0. 1% of the world total, and 2007 natural gas production of 16. 27 billion cubic metres, 0. 55% of the world total. The 1980s saw accelerated exploration activities by Petrobangla, which drilled 12 exploration wells and discovered 7 gas fields. Among these the Fenchuganj well remains the deepest drilled well in Bangladesh (4977m). Meanwhile a new milestone was achieved when Petrobangla discovered the first commercial oil pool in Sylhet on December 23, 1986. Since 1972 more than 32 exploratory wells have been drilled by the national and international companies which resulted in the discovery of 13 gas fields.Since the first exploration well was drilled i n 1908 a total of 128 wells were drilled in Bangladesh until 2001, of which 63 are exploration wells. Of the exploration wells, 13 are in the offshore resulting in two discoveries and the rest 52 are on shore with 20 discoveries. In 1993, following the formation of a new National Energy policy, the government of Bangladesh divided its territory and offshore sites into 23 blocks and opened them to foreign bidding for oil and gas exploration. Eight blocks were awarded to four companies during the First Bidding Round in 1993, and four additional blocks were awarded in the 1997 Second Bidding Round.Energy and Mineral Resources Division (EMRD) Energy is the key ingredient for socio-economic development of a country. Economic Development depends on reliable energy supply. To increase efficiency of the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, it was divided into two divisions, vide Cabinet Division Notification No. CD-4/1/94-Rules/23(100), dated 25 March 1998, namely Energy and Min eral Resources Division (EMRD) and Power Division. Energy and Mineral Resources Division is entrusted to formulate all policies related to natural gas, liquid petroleum and mineral resources.EMRD is also entrusted to formulate policies and administrative control over Geological Survey of Bangladesh, Petrobangla, Bureau of Mineral Development and Department of Explosives. EMRD also supervises and monitors over Hydrocarbon Unit and Bangladesh Petroleum Institute. To achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to alleviate poverty in line with vision 2021, Bangladesh has to meet increasing energy demand. In order to ensure energy security, the primary energy source of the country especially gas, coal and other mineral resources have been taken into consideration.Along with gas significant quantity of condensate is recovered. Oil was discovered in three locations but the quantity is not significant. The Division and its subordinate organizations/directorates/companies have been play ing vital role to achieve the target of Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s). To meet energy demand at desired level, initiative has been taken to increase gas supply and its optimum utilization. The demand of imported oil is also increasing. Part of it is met by condensate (by product of gas). Recent gas crisis led to the policy makers to import LNG within a short period of time.Realistic policies for development of coal fields in northern part of the country are under process for national interest. As a part of government's plan to expand gas supply network, a new distribution outlet, titled, Sundarban Gas Company Limited has been formed for the south-western region of the country. For efficient marketing of gas in Chittagong region, Karnafully Gas Company Limited has been created and it has started distribution of gas. System loss in gas distribution, a major problem, has been tackled with notable success through management and monitoring.Initiative has also been taken to build up regional energy security based on mutual co-operation with the neighboring countries under SAARC umbrella. Natural Gas In Bangladesh, natural gas is most important indigenous source of energy that accounts for 75% of the commercial energy of the country. So far in Bangladesh 23 gas fields have been discovered with the rate of success ratio is 3. 1:1 of which two of the gas fields are located in offshore area. Gas is produced from 17 gas fields (79 gas wells). Oil was tested in two of the gas fields (Sylhet and Kailashtila).To reduce the dependency on natural gas, alternative energy resource must be explored. Average daily gas production capacity is about 2000 mmcfd of which International Oil Companies (IOC) produce 1040 mmcfd and State Owned Companies (SOC) produce 960 mmcfd. The gas production recorded on 24 February, 2010 was 1996. 7 MMCFD. At present the daily approximate projected gas demand throughout the country is 2500 MMCFD. The demand is increasing day by day. Ener gy and Mineral Resources Division (EMRD) has already undertaken an array of short, medium, fast track and long term plans to increase gas production to overcome prevailing gas shortage.According to this plan 188 mmcfd, 290 mmcfd, 995 mmcfd (including 500 mmcfd LNG), 500 mmcfd and 380 mmcfd gas will be added to the national gas grid by the year 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015 respectively. After completion of these plans production capacity is expected to increase to about 2353 mmcfd gas by December 2015. To increase the gas production more programs will be taken in near future. Petroleum Product To meet total demand of commercial energy, Bangladesh imports annually about 1. 3 million metric Tons of crude oil. In addition to this, another 2. million metric Tons (approx) of refined petroleum products per annum is imported. Condensate is mixed with crude oil. Major consumer of liquid fuel is transport sector followed by agriculture, industry and commercial sector which is mostly met by imported liquid fuel. Eastern Refinery Limited (ERL), a subsidiary company of Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC), is capable of processing 1. 3 million metric Tons of crude oil per year. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) To reduce the dependency on imported fuel significantly, to reduce environment pollution and to save foreign currency, the use of CNG vehicles was introduced in 1997.Number of CNG refueling Station is 565 and 162 conversion workshops have already been set-up in the country. Total number of CNG converted vehicles is 150249. In addition to that 42549 CNG vehicles was imported. Total number of CNG vehicles is 192798 as of May, 2010. Average CNG usage (approx. ) is 102 MMCF per day. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) The area where access to gas pipeline is difficult and expensive but there is a demand of gas; in this case gas in the form of LPG can be used. To reduce the dependency on imported oil and thus to save foreign currency, the use of LPG has to be popularized.Curre ntly the supply of LPG of the country is 95,500 Metric Ton of which production in Public Sector is 22,500 Metric Ton while Production in Private Sector is 73,000 Metric Ton. The Possible demand of LPG in the country is 2,00,000 M. Ton. To popularize the use of LPG the present government has reduced tax rate on some appliances such as Pressure Regulator/Valve, Safety/ Relief valve and Submerged Welding Flux including bottling of LPG. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) To reduce the dependency on imported oil as well as indigenous gas, import of LNG is under active consideration.Under mid term plan, LNG will be imported to supply at the rate of 500 mmcfd by 2012. The site for building necessary infrastructure for LNG has been located. Bangladesh has to set up necessary infrastructure such as LNG Receiving Station, LNG Storage Tank, Re-gasification process and 90 km long pipeline from Maheshkhali to Anwara in its own effort. A MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) to be signed between Bangladesh and Qatar, which is under process. Coal Besides natural gas, Bangladesh has significant coal reserve. Coal reserves of about 3. billion tons comprising 5 deposits at depths of 118-1158 meters have been discovered so far in the north-western part of Bangladesh. The name of these deposits are-Barapukuria, Phulbari and Dighipara coal field in Dinajpur district, Khalashpir in Rangpur district and Jamalganj in Joypurhat district. Out of which 4 deposits (118-509 meters) are extractable at present. As an alternative fuel to natural gas, coal can be extensively used. The depth of Jamalganj coal deposit is 640-1158 meter with 1053 Million Tones in-situ coal reserve where production may not be viable by present day’s technology due to the depth of the deposits.Possibilities of extraction of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) need to be explored from this coal deposits. Government is actively reviewing law to be applicable for Exploration and Production of Coal Bed Methane. So far, only Barapukuri a coal field is under production. Other Mineral Resources available in Bangladesh Besides indigenous energy resources, Bangladesh has other mineral resources. Various organizations under Energy and Mineral Resources Division are engaged to explore for mineral resources. In case of commercial discovery, foreign company can apply for production license.White Clay occurs in Sherpur, Netrokona, Dinajpur and Chittagong district etc. White Clay is used to make crockery’s, sanitary materials, insulator and tiles . It is also used in Paper,cement and sugar industries. Glass sand occurs in Sherpur, Habiganj, Comilla and Dinajpur district etc. Glass sand is used to make crockery’s, lenses, glass sheet of windows and doors. It is also used to make quartz clock, frame of boat and aero plane, foam glass and in various electronic equipments etc. Silicon chips are also made from silica, which is a main ingredient of glass.Limestone occurs in Sunamgonj and Joypurhat district and St. M artin’s Islands. Limestone is used to make lime and cement and in paper, Ispat, sugar, glass industry. It is also used to decorate the building. Ilmenite,Garnet,Zircon,Kyanite,Magnetite,Rutile,Leucoxine,Monazite,etc are found in Cox’s Bazar and Teknaf Beach, Kuakata Beach , Moheshkhali, Nijhum dwip, Kutubdia and Monpura Island. Ilmenite, Rutile and Leucoxine are used to make slag and in welding and in melting of metal. They are used as a dyeing subject and Refractory Brick.Ilmenite is used to make sand blasting and heavy mud as an alternative to Barite in drilling activities. Titanium metal, which is derived from this mineral, is used to make frame of aeroplane, missile, and in chemical reaction and salt removal process. Zircon is used to make foundry sand, Refractory brick and as a dyeing substance. Zirconium is used as a radioactive substance. Monazite is used to make catalyst, television tube, refractory substance, thermal insulator substance and in computer disk an d line printer.Peat occurs in Gopalganj, Madaripur, Khulna, Sylhet and Sunamganj district etc. It is used as an alternative fuel to household work, in brick and lime industries and in thermal power plant. Hard Rock occurs at Maddyapara in Dinajpur district. It is used in regulator dam, river training, and river bank erosion. It is also used as construction material and as mosaic stone. Gravel Deposit occurs in Lalmonirhat, Panchagar, Sylhet district, Greater Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts. It is used to construct buildings, road, railway, bridge and in river training and flood control.Renewable Energy Sources in Bangladesh Renewable Energy Sources may also be helpful in the achievement of the MDGs, as well as in tackling the challenges of energy security especially for developing countries and global climate changes. The renewable energy sources include biomass (combustible renewable and waste), hydropower, solar, wind, ocean, and geothermal energy. Biomass is currently the l argest renewable energy source due to its extensive noncommercial use (mainly for cooking and heating) in developing countries like Bangladesh.The share of other forms of renewable sources is minimal. Possibility of installing mini and micro level hydro-electric power plant in the hilly areas of Bangladesh would be explored. Windmills are with capacity of 2 MW in operation in the costal area of Bangladesh. Biogas Biogas may be the most promising renewable energy resource. Presently there are about 50,000 households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. There is a huge potential for expansion in rural areas. Solar Energy Potential of solar energy is good in Bangladesh.But due to its higher cost of equipment it has to go a long way to become commercially viable. However, in remote areas of Bangladesh it is gradually becoming popular and government has undertaken lot of scheme to subsidize on it. Presently there are about 2, 64,000 solar panels installed thro ughout the country. Bio-diesel Bio-diesel may also be one of the promising sources of energy. Though Bangladesh is a densely populated country with 150 million people just in 147,570 Sq. Km areas, except the hilly areas, most of the areas are covered with fertile land that producing high yielding crop.Diesel from Jatropha plant may be a source of renewable energy in our country. Jatropha trees can be planted in both the sides of rail way tracks & high ways, marshy land & costal belt of the country. These Jatropha plant can also be used for coastal protection. Gasohol Gasohol is being blended with octane/petrol in many countries. Project in private sector is being undertaken to produce Gasohol from molasses used to be blended with octane/petrol. The molasses is a by-product of sugar industries. Gas Crisis in Bangladesh Natural gas in Bangladesh From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. (April 2012) This article is written like a personal reflection or essay rather than an encyclopedic description of the subject. (April 2012) This article may need to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. April 2012) The presence of Natural Gas in Bangladesh has been established through exploration by Bangladesh’s public energy company, Petrobangla, and more recently international oil and gas companies (IOCs) have established the existence of a significant energy source. Contents [hide] †¢1 Estimated reserves †¢2 The domestic natural gas industry †¢3 References †¢4 External links [edit]Estimated reserves In recent years, several trillion cubi c feet (TCF) of natural gas have been added to the confirmed 10. 5 TCF known as of 1996.Due to the fact that there has been comparatively little exploration to date, estimates of the total extractable natural gas resource in Bangladesh are uncertain and vary widely. An estimate of 20 TCF is gaining acceptance among experts, but some argue that experiences in comparable basins elsewhere in the world suggest that the ultimate recoverable resource could be as high as 50 TCF or even 100 TCF. At the current rate of natural gas use in Bangladesh (1000 mmcfd), the current estimated proven reserves would last 45 years.Even if the present rate of use increases at 10 per cent per year, these reserves would last about 17 years. A reserve-production Reserves-to-production ratio of 17 is higher than that for most industrial countries heavily dependent on natural gas, examples beingNorway, Canada, U. S. , and U. K. Here only the R/P ratio of gas is being considered for comparison. Relative to Ban gladesh, these industrial countries have more diverse indigenous energy sources such as coal, oil and nuclear. The U. S. still uses coal to produce more than half its electricity.There are huge resources of gas in Bangladesh. Places where gas is commercially refines include: Titas, Habiganj, Bakhrabad, Narshingdi, Meghna, Sylhet, Kailashtilla, Rashidpur, Beanibazar,Fenchuganj and Salda Nadi. In 2001, Petrobangla Director Major Raihanul Abedin initiated the national plan to decrease the use of using liquid fuels, by introducing natural gas conversion. He thought if cars could be converted to use cooking gas instead of rather harmful fuels, the carbon emission would decrease exponentially. He was given the permission by the Prime Minister Khaleda Zia to carry out his plans. 1][2] As a result, Asian Development Bank funded his scheme and today more than 80% of Bangladeshi vehicles are run on gas which has lessened pollution significantly. [3] [edit]The domestic natural gas industry Pet robangla (Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation), a 100 per cent state owned corporation, has the primary responsibility for the natural gas industry in Bangladesh. Petrobangla is under the direction of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources; it comprises several groups of companies: ? An exploration company – Bangladesh Petroleum Exploration Company ?Production companies – Bangladesh Gas Fields Company and Sylhet Gas Fields Company ? Transmission and distribution companies; ?Titas Gas Transmission and Distribution Company ?Bakhrabad Gas System ?Jalalabad Gas Transmission and Distribution System ?Western Zone Gas Supply Co. (Poschim Anchal Gas Bitaran Company, WESGAS, a new company for distribution of gas in the western part of Bangladesh) ? A compressed natural gas company – Rupantarita Prakritik Gas Company Leading Private Companies Involved in Natural Gas Industry ?Libra Enterprise (www. libraenterprise. om) ?Gasmin Limited ?Foundry Limited [edit] References 1. ^ [M. Raihanul Abedin. Use of CNG as an Alternative Fuel for Transport-Air Pollution Control Perspective (2001) p. 49-54, International Seminar on Air Pollution in Dhaka City, October 30, 2001; France Bangladesh Association of Scholars and Trainees (FBAST). 2. ^ Dhaka Clean Fuel Project: Bangladesh at Asian Development Bank 3. ^ Lisa Schroeder (March 25, 2009). â€Å"Compressed natural gas clears the air in Bangladesh: Cleaner-burning fuel is reducing dangerous levels of pollution – and saving money, too. â€Å".The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 2012-06-12. ?†Natural Resources of Bangladesh†. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ?†Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology†. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ?†Natural Gas Options for Bangladesh†. Retrieved May 17, 2012. ?†Natural gas reserve estimates vary widely for Bangladesh†. Retrieved May 17, 2012. Description Bangladesh has some oil reserves near Haripur in the east ern hilly district of Sylhet, but these have yet to be developed. The Haripur reserves are estimated at 40 Mbbl, and the total resource is likely to be much higher..The search of oil and gas in the area constituting Bangladesh began in the later part of the 19th century through some isolated geological mapping. The first serious attempt to find oil and gas was undertaken in Sitakund in 1908 by the Indian Petroleum Prospecting Company. During 1923-31 Burmah Oil Company (BOC) drilled two shallow wells in Patharia. The wells were abandoned though there was a reported occurrence of oil. A total of 6 exploratory wells were drilled, the deepest being 1047 meters. There was however no discovery and the Second World War disrupted further activity.After the liberation of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Oil, Gas and Mineral Corporation (Petrobangla) was formed, while the Bangladesh Petroleum Act was enacted in 1974. The offshore area of Bangladesh was divided in to 6 blocks, which were taken up by Ash land, ARCO, BODC (Japex), Union Oil, Canadian Superior Oil and Ina Naftaplin under production sharing contract. These companies 7 offshore wells resulted in the discovery of Kutubdia offshore gas field. According to the 2008 BP Statistical Energy Survey, Bangladesh had 2007 proved natural gas reserves of 0. 39 trillion cubic metres, 0. 1% of the world total, and 2007 natural gas production of 16. 27 billion cubic metres, 0. 55% of the world total. The 1980s saw accelerated exploration activities by Petrobangla, which drilled 12 exploration wells and discovered 7 gas fields. Among these the Fenchuganj well remains the deepest drilled well in Bangladesh (4977m). Meanwhile a new milestone was achieved when Petrobangla discovered the first commercial oil pool in Sylhet on December 23, 1986. Since 1972 more than 32 exploratory wells have been drilled by the national and international companies which resulted in the discovery of 13 gas fields.Since the first exploration well was drilled i n 1908 a total of 128 wells were drilled in Bangladesh until 2001, of which 63 are exploration wells. Of the exploration wells, 13 are in the offshore resulting in two discoveries and the rest 52 are on shore with 20 discoveries. In 1993, following the formation of a new National Energy policy, the government of Bangladesh divided its territory and offshore sites into 23 blocks and opened them to foreign bidding for oil and gas exploration. Eight blocks were awarded to four companies during the First Bidding Round in 1993, and four additional blocks were awarded in the 1997 Second Bidding Round.Energy and Mineral Resources Division (EMRD) Energy is the key ingredient for socio-economic development of a country. Economic Development depends on reliable energy supply. To increase efficiency of the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, it was divided into two divisions, vide Cabinet Division Notification No. CD-4/1/94-Rules/23(100), dated 25 March 1998, namely Energy and Min eral Resources Division (EMRD) and Power Division. Energy and Mineral Resources Division is entrusted to formulate all policies related to natural gas, liquid petroleum and mineral resources.EMRD is also entrusted to formulate policies and administrative control over Geological Survey of Bangladesh, Petrobangla, Bureau of Mineral Development and Department of Explosives. EMRD also supervises and monitors over Hydrocarbon Unit and Bangladesh Petroleum Institute. To achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and to alleviate poverty in line with vision 2021, Bangladesh has to meet increasing energy demand. In order to ensure energy security, the primary energy source of the country especially gas, coal and other mineral resources have been taken into consideration.Along with gas significant quantity of condensate is recovered. Oil was discovered in three locations but the quantity is not significant. The Division and its subordinate organizations/directorates/companies have been play ing vital role to achieve the target of Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s). To meet energy demand at desired level, initiative has been taken to increase gas supply and its optimum utilization. The demand of imported oil is also increasing. Part of it is met by condensate (by product of gas). Recent gas crisis led to the policy makers to import LNG within a short period of time.Realistic policies for development of coal fields in northern part of the country are under process for national interest. As a part of government's plan to expand gas supply network, a new distribution outlet, titled, Sundarban Gas Company Limited has been formed for the south-western region of the country. For efficient marketing of gas in Chittagong region, Karnafully Gas Company Limited has been created and it has started distribution of gas. System loss in gas distribution, a major problem, has been tackled with notable success through management and monitoring.Initiative has also been taken to build up regional energy security based on mutual co-operation with the neighboring countries under SAARC umbrella. Natural Gas In Bangladesh, natural gas is most important indigenous source of energy that accounts for 75% of the commercial energy of the country. So far in Bangladesh 23 gas fields have been discovered with the rate of success ratio is 3. 1:1 of which two of the gas fields are located in offshore area. Gas is produced from 17 gas fields (79 gas wells). Oil was tested in two of the gas fields (Sylhet and Kailashtila).To reduce the dependency on natural gas, alternative energy resource must be explored. Average daily gas production capacity is about 2000 mmcfd of which International Oil Companies (IOC) produce 1040 mmcfd and State Owned Companies (SOC) produce 960 mmcfd. The gas production recorded on 24 February, 2010 was 1996. 7 MMCFD. At present the daily approximate projected gas demand throughout the country is 2500 MMCFD. The demand is increasing day by day. Ener gy and Mineral Resources Division (EMRD) has already undertaken an array of short, medium, fast track and long term plans to increase gas production to overcome prevailing gas shortage.According to this plan 188 mmcfd, 290 mmcfd, 995 mmcfd (including 500 mmcfd LNG), 500 mmcfd and 380 mmcfd gas will be added to the national gas grid by the year 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 and 2015 respectively. After completion of these plans production capacity is expected to increase to about 2353 mmcfd gas by December 2015. To increase the gas production more programs will be taken in near future. Petroleum Product To meet total demand of commercial energy, Bangladesh imports annually about 1. 3 million metric Tons of crude oil. In addition to this, another 2. million metric Tons (approx) of refined petroleum products per annum is imported. Condensate is mixed with crude oil. Major consumer of liquid fuel is transport sector followed by agriculture, industry and commercial sector which is mostly met by imported liquid fuel. Eastern Refinery Limited (ERL), a subsidiary company of Bangladesh Petroleum Corporation (BPC), is capable of processing 1. 3 million metric Tons of crude oil per year. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) To reduce the dependency on imported fuel significantly, to reduce environment pollution and to save foreign currency, the use of CNG vehicles was introduced in 1997.Number of CNG refueling Station is 565 and 162 conversion workshops have already been set-up in the country. Total number of CNG converted vehicles is 150249. In addition to that 42549 CNG vehicles was imported. Total number of CNG vehicles is 192798 as of May, 2010. Average CNG usage (approx. ) is 102 MMCF per day. Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) The area where access to gas pipeline is difficult and expensive but there is a demand of gas; in this case gas in the form of LPG can be used. To reduce the dependency on imported oil and thus to save foreign currency, the use of LPG has to be popularized.Curre ntly the supply of LPG of the country is 95,500 Metric Ton of which production in Public Sector is 22,500 Metric Ton while Production in Private Sector is 73,000 Metric Ton. The Possible demand of LPG in the country is 2,00,000 M. Ton. To popularize the use of LPG the present government has reduced tax rate on some appliances such as Pressure Regulator/Valve, Safety/ Relief valve and Submerged Welding Flux including bottling of LPG. Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) To reduce the dependency on imported oil as well as indigenous gas, import of LNG is under active consideration.Under mid term plan, LNG will be imported to supply at the rate of 500 mmcfd by 2012. The site for building necessary infrastructure for LNG has been located. Bangladesh has to set up necessary infrastructure such as LNG Receiving Station, LNG Storage Tank, Re-gasification process and 90 km long pipeline from Maheshkhali to Anwara in its own effort. A MoU (Memorandum of Understanding) to be signed between Bangladesh and Qatar, which is under process. Coal Besides natural gas, Bangladesh has significant coal reserve. Coal reserves of about 3. billion tons comprising 5 deposits at depths of 118-1158 meters have been discovered so far in the north-western part of Bangladesh. The name of these deposits are-Barapukuria, Phulbari and Dighipara coal field in Dinajpur district, Khalashpir in Rangpur district and Jamalganj in Joypurhat district. Out of which 4 deposits (118-509 meters) are extractable at present. As an alternative fuel to natural gas, coal can be extensively used. The depth of Jamalganj coal deposit is 640-1158 meter with 1053 Million Tones in-situ coal reserve where production may not be viable by present day’s technology due to the depth of the deposits.Possibilities of extraction of Coal Bed Methane (CBM) need to be explored from this coal deposits. Government is actively reviewing law to be applicable for Exploration and Production of Coal Bed Methane. So far, only Barapukuri a coal field is under production. Other Mineral Resources available in Bangladesh Besides indigenous energy resources, Bangladesh has other mineral resources. Various organizations under Energy and Mineral Resources Division are engaged to explore for mineral resources. In case of commercial discovery, foreign company can apply for production license.White Clay occurs in Sherpur, Netrokona, Dinajpur and Chittagong district etc. White Clay is used to make crockery’s, sanitary materials, insulator and tiles . It is also used in Paper,cement and sugar industries. Glass sand occurs in Sherpur, Habiganj, Comilla and Dinajpur district etc. Glass sand is used to make crockery’s, lenses, glass sheet of windows and doors. It is also used to make quartz clock, frame of boat and aero plane, foam glass and in various electronic equipments etc. Silicon chips are also made from silica, which is a main ingredient of glass.Limestone occurs in Sunamgonj and Joypurhat district and St. M artin’s Islands. Limestone is used to make lime and cement and in paper, Ispat, sugar, glass industry. It is also used to decorate the building. Ilmenite,Garnet,Zircon,Kyanite,Magnetite,Rutile,Leucoxine,Monazite,etc are found in Cox’s Bazar and Teknaf Beach, Kuakata Beach , Moheshkhali, Nijhum dwip, Kutubdia and Monpura Island. Ilmenite, Rutile and Leucoxine are used to make slag and in welding and in melting of metal. They are used as a dyeing subject and Refractory Brick.Ilmenite is used to make sand blasting and heavy mud as an alternative to Barite in drilling activities. Titanium metal, which is derived from this mineral, is used to make frame of aeroplane, missile, and in chemical reaction and salt removal process. Zircon is used to make foundry sand, Refractory brick and as a dyeing substance. Zirconium is used as a radioactive substance. Monazite is used to make catalyst, television tube, refractory substance, thermal insulator substance and in computer disk an d line printer.Peat occurs in Gopalganj, Madaripur, Khulna, Sylhet and Sunamganj district etc. It is used as an alternative fuel to household work, in brick and lime industries and in thermal power plant. Hard Rock occurs at Maddyapara in Dinajpur district. It is used in regulator dam, river training, and river bank erosion. It is also used as construction material and as mosaic stone. Gravel Deposit occurs in Lalmonirhat, Panchagar, Sylhet district, Greater Chittagong and Chittagong Hill Tracts. It is used to construct buildings, road, railway, bridge and in river training and flood control.Renewable Energy Sources in Bangladesh Renewable Energy Sources may also be helpful in the achievement of the MDGs, as well as in tackling the challenges of energy security especially for developing countries and global climate changes. The renewable energy sources include biomass (combustible renewable and waste), hydropower, solar, wind, ocean, and geothermal energy. Biomass is currently the l argest renewable energy source due to its extensive noncommercial use (mainly for cooking and heating) in developing countries like Bangladesh.The share of other forms of renewable sources is minimal. Possibility of installing mini and micro level hydro-electric power plant in the hilly areas of Bangladesh would be explored. Windmills are with capacity of 2 MW in operation in the costal area of Bangladesh. Biogas Biogas may be the most promising renewable energy resource. Presently there are about 50,000 households and village-level biogas plants in place throughout the country. There is a huge potential for expansion in rural areas. Solar Energy Potential of solar energy is good in Bangladesh.But due to its higher cost of equipment it has to go a long way to become commercially viable. However, in remote areas of Bangladesh it is gradually becoming popular and government has undertaken lot of scheme to subsidize on it. Presently there are about 2, 64,000 solar panels installed thro ughout the country. Bio-diesel Bio-diesel may also be one of the promising sources of energy. Though Bangladesh is a densely populated country with 150 million people just in 147,570 Sq. Km areas, except the hilly areas, most of the areas are covered with fertile land that producing high yielding crop.Diesel from Jatropha plant may be a source of renewable energy in our country. Jatropha trees can be planted in both the sides of rail way tracks & high ways, marshy land & costal belt of the country. These Jatropha plant can also be used for coastal protection. Gasohol Gasohol is being blended with octane/petrol in many countries. Project in private sector is being undertaken to produce Gasohol from molasses used to be blended with octane/petrol. The molasses is a by-product of sugar industries.

Nanotechnology: newest technological wonder

Current researches are optimistic on the potentials of nanotechnology as the latest technological wonders with both environmental soundness and promise for health applications. Its advent has created promising application in various areas of human endeavors. It has made impression in the areas of novel foods, medical devices, chemical coatings, personal health testing kits, sensors for security systems, water purification units for manned space craft, displays for hand-held computer games, and high-resolution cinema screens (European Commission 2008). Recent discoveries point to the application of these minute biological machines in health and genetics. Seferos, D. S., Giljohann, D.A., Hill, H. D., Prigodich, A. E. and. Mirkin, C. A. (2007) use nano-flares in their research to study the structures of RNA in living cells. The nano-flares, made of oligonucleotide-functionalized nanoparticle conjugates, are designed to provide an intracellular fluorescence signal that correlates with the relative amount of a specific intracellular RNA (Seferos et al. 2007). Nano-flares would become the newest class of intracellular probe and can make possible applications as cellular transfection, enzymatic protection, RNA detection and quantification, cell sorting, gene profiling, and real-time drug validation studies, and as gene regulation agents. This particular technology application is an illustration of how versatile the nanotechnology is. The relative advantage is that it penetrates into areas where conventional technologies cannot. While we agree that you only have to spend millions marketing something if its worth is in doubt, we see the promise of nanotechnology as revolutionizing. Investment in these area maybe huge initially but as the advantage of its effects is felt, more industries would be expected to adopt the technology and more people would benefit from it. References European Commission. (2008). Nanotechnology application areas. Retrieved February 15, 2008 Industrial Technology Research Institute. (2008, January 18). Application of nanotechnology in traditional industry. Retrieved February 15, 2008 Meadows, D. (1999, August 26). Seven-Plus Wonders of Sustainability. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http://www.pcdf.org/meadows/7wonders.html Seferos, D. S., Giljohann, D.A., Hill, H. D., Prigodich, A. E. and. Mirkin, C. A. (2007). Nano-Flares: Probes for Transfection and mRNA Detection in Living Cells. Journal of American Chemical Society, 129.50, 15477-15479. Retrieved February 15, 2008, from http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/jacsat/2007/129/i50/pdf/ja0776529.pdf   

Maternal Love essays

Maternal Love essays No one loves you like your mother. Mothers are full of love and devotion, full of the patience of saints. They are pure and good. Or mothers are vulgar, instilling false values into the hearts of their daughters because of the societal privileged relationship of the maternal bond and the too-overwhelming presence of maternal flesh and weight. Louise Edrich's Tales of Burning Love portrays a mother of the first stripe, a mother as traditionally self-sacrificing and selfless as apple pie, a trapeze artist of the delicate societal relations that spin around the human heart regarding motherly and daughterly love. In contrast, Tereza's mother of Kundera's The Unbearable Lightness of Being is a crude woman whom is oppressive to her daughter in the girl's eyes because of her vulgarity and the way the woman emotionally exploits the maternal bond. To Tereza, her mother represents all she despises about the town in which she Both mother-daughter relationships, however, portray a kind of inescapable destiny in terms of the relationship between mothers and daughters in terms of the daughter's later relationships with men and their own sense of self hood. Whether the women resist these former relationship patters that they see in their mother's relationships with their fathers, or seek to mirror them in their relationships with men and their own bodies, these daughters cannot escape the maternal influence and modeling A perfect artist on the high wire and a perfect mother in the whirl of societyor at least so seems Anna Schlick. Once upon a time, Anna was a famous trapeze artist. Now she takes the guise, however, of a conventional, society wife. She is married to a jealous, abusive husband, the wealthy but emotionally and morally bankrupt Lawrence Schlick. Lawrence is constantly filled with a sense of overwhelming, destructive ...

Worked Empirical Formula Chemistry Problem

Worked Empirical Formula Chemistry Problem The empirical formula of a chemical compound gives the ratio of elements, using subscripts to indicate the number of each atom. Its also known as the simplest formula. Here is how to find the empirical formula, with an example: Steps for Finding the Empirical Formula You can find the empirical formula of a compound using percent composition data. If you know the total molar mass of the compound, the molecular formula usually can be determined as well. The easiest way to find the formula is: Assume you have 100 g of the substance (makes the math easier because everything is a straight percent).Consider the amounts you are given as being in units of grams.Convert the grams to moles for each element.Find the smallest whole number ratio of moles for each element. Empirical Formula Problem Find the empirical formula for a compound consisting of 63% Mn and 37% O Solution for Finding the Empirical Formula Assuming 100 g of the compound, there would be 63 g Mn and 37 g OLook up the number of grams per mole for each element using the Periodic Table. There are 54.94 grams in each mole of manganese and 16.00 grams in a mole of oxygen.63 g Mn Ãâ€" (1 mol Mn)/(54.94 g Mn) 1.1 mol Mn37 g O Ãâ€" (1 mol O)/(16.00 g O) 2.3 mol O Find the smallest whole number ratio by dividing the number of moles of each element by the number of moles for the element present in the smallest molar amount. In this case, there is less Mn than O, so divide by the number of moles of Mn: 1.1 mol Mn/1.1 1 mol Mn2.3 mol O/1.1 2.1 mol O The best ratio is Mn:O of 1:2 and the formula is MnO2 The empirical formula is MnO2

Economics-Market Power, Oligopoly, Monopoly Essay

Economics-Market Power, Oligopoly, Monopoly - Essay Example Depending on the premise and circumstances of the discussion it can be reasonable to argue that competition is socially harmful as compared to market power. However, the argument against competition is very weak since empirical evidence and data shows the competition has more economic benefits and support for the development of the market than a single firm holding and dominating market power over an industry. This is because there are several benefits which can be gained from having some competition in a market. For instance, competition may force prices to go down for the consumer if a lower cost producer competes in the market. Additionally, a better product might be entered into the market with actually superior or perceived superior quality. The combination of these two factors can create products which are innovative, desirable and can cause the emergence of brands within an industry. At the same time, competition may be unnecessary or wasteful if the product differentiation is very low. For instance, the battle between Coke and Pepsi for market share seems to be wasteful since the products they are marketing are very similar to begin with. However, advertising can be socially effective when the products are dissimilar and offer different benefits as in the case of computer operating systems like the ones created by Apple, Microsoft and Linux.