Problems Related to Population Growth

Population growth is a major issue within today’s world, with the rapid and exponentially increasing rate of population growth causing problems with overcrowded areas affecting the business environment as well as everyday life. The world’s population is at an estimated 7 billion people (BBC, 2011) and ‘at today’s rate, population would skyrocket by 2100, to 27 billion from today’s 7 billion’. (Harvard Gazette, 2012). Sourced from BBC (2013)The above diagram shows the extent of the increase in the rate of population growth from the year 500B.C. to a forecasted 8. 5 billion people in 2025. This highlights that, by 2025 the world’s population is on track to more than treble since 1950. This increase in population growth over the last 200 years could be attributed to an increase in fertility, for example, ‘just over 723,000 babies were born in England and Wales in 2010, up from fewer than 600,000 in 2000. The average number of childre n each woman is likely to have has gone up from 1. 64 to 1. 98. ’ (Daily Mail, 2012).This increase in fertility has not been coupled with an increase in the death rate which, due to factors such as ‘better medicines and improved sanitation’ (Brooks, Weatherstone and Wilkinson, 2011, p. 169) and more stringent health and safety procedures, has actually declined as ‘many of the once incurable diseases have cures today. ’(Buzzle, 2012). The increased population growth has brought with it many problems, for example in China the necessity for increased production to satisfy demand from a higher population has put strain on resources as well as producing high levels of pollution which is a negative externality.This has resulted in a law being passed restricting the number of children a family can have to 1 per couple. Another problem with population growth is that more housing is necessary to accommodate increased numbers of people. This has resulted in la nd that is used or could be used for farming being converted into housing. This is particularly disadvantageous because as Malthus’ theory suggests, the population is growing faster than the food supply.He theorises that the extra people must die, whereas Ester Boserup argued that ‘necessity is the mother of invention’ and asserted that the increase in population pressure acts as an incentive to developing new technology such as genetically modified crops (Rogers, Jalal & Boyd, 2008, p. 20). This has given rise to ethical debates concerning the use of disease-resistant, higher yielding modified crops which have been produced to cope with the increased population’s demand.Also with this loss of land comes extinction of species due to their natural habitats being destroyed. A further issue with fast population growth is that with increased population comes increased poverty and inequality. The poorest most impoverished of the population don’t have acc ess to adequate birth control which means they are continuing to reproduce whilst having the same small amount of resources, this is leading to malnutrition and infant mortality, as well as adding strain to the already inadequate educational and healthcare systems.

My Super Power

Super Power is an extra ordinary power that is God’s gift to a person. Super power is a special power that some special people have; it is rare to find people with super power. Everyone wants super power like laser eyes,, flying power, fire breathing power, a power by which people can make electricity pass through him but he wont get affected, a person may have a strong skull, freezing power, supper strength, strength of being invisible, being a fairy, magic power, etc. Even I want super powers, I want such a power with which I can see the death, I wish I could see any signs by which I could understand that there is going to be an accident or some how if any person is going to die. I had a dream of having this power when I first saw a movie named ‘The Eye’. This is a horror film, in which a girl who lived in a small town who had not much power or believers except her mother. She ha this super power, people thought she was a witch and thought she used to kill the people as she could tell who was about to die, so she suicides. But before she died she predicted a big accident which will occur on the way to the city. She died but her spirit was still there, on the other hand there was a girl named Sydney who lived in the city, who lost her eye sight when she was 5 years old. The girl chooses Sydney to fulfill her last wish, to stop the accident and save the people. And at the and she did save the people†¦ From the movie I’ve learned one thing the people who have power or believers doesn’t want to do any thing from their hearts, they just know to tell people that they can do many things, but in reality they don’t do anything but, people who wants to do something doesn’t have the power. If I had this super power, I don’t think anyone would believe me that if I was telling the truth or I will be trying to save them, they may also take me as a witch too. But I still want to help them; I want to save all the damages and all the people. If I had this super power, I know o couldn’t save or help anyone but, I can tell from my heart that I would try my best to save them.

The ideas of Michael Pollan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The ideas of Michael Pollan - Essay Example Specifically, Singer dissents the idea that animals should be treated according to their level of enduring pain than on their level of thinking it is because there are humans who have got lower capacities of thinking and thus this suggests that animals have the right to be treated like humans. Discussion In response to Peter Singer’s book, Michael Pollan argues with the idea of comparing humans to animals. Although Singer is aware of what rights the animals have, it does not mean that the level of consideration should be matched to how humans are treated. He had visited different farms and wrote the essay with conviction through the researchers that he made. Discussing a many points with regard to Singer’s point of view, Pollan is able to centralize the theme of his argument through defending that humans have higher level of consideration and rights than animals. Dissenting Singer’s comparison, Pollan offered a way on how to look at this point by saying that human’s level of existence is incomparable to the lower classes of creatures. Humans have specific set of rights from the animals and these ideas should be the first to put up. Treating animals the way they should be treated is a good thing though but it does not merely means that they should be treat ed like humans.

Book report. and jazz concerts. totally two different assignments Essay

Book report. and jazz concerts. totally two different assignments - Essay Example This is because some fans share a deep attachment to given musicians and songs to the point of irrationality. The author recognizes that such wildness is responsible for the hype that Jazz attains. The drama combines with the music to provide a relievable appeal to music lovers. The book intensively and extensively explores the origin of Jazz in relation to the term. The word, in itself, is essential in examining the beginning of the genre. This builds on the recognition that the term entails a significant cultural connotation. In turn, the term might have emanated from a given cultural group. This culture, hence, has informed the shaping and growth of Jazz. In addition, the culture has granted the genre inherent elements that remain unchanged as the music evolves. The book notes that there have been several scholarly attempts at defining the origin of the term and music. A huge part of scholarly work attributes its origins to Africa and Arabia (Crow 20). In other instances, linguist ic and music scholars have attributed the term to a word a French verb, jaser. This term means chattering. On the other hand, some historians attribute the word to fornication idioms that were prominently used in San Francisco and New Orleans. This seems to have been a major explanation for the leisurely take on Jazz. In this sense, the book accords an unfamiliar route in the analysis of music. It seeks to make the Jazz fans understand the origins of their consumption. The author recognizes that music lovers can only understand a genre if they associate with its origins. It is crucial for music lovers to experience past forms of music in understanding current compositions. In turn, they learn how a genre music has changed to accommodate shifting influences and expectations. Jazz, therefore, has an inherent perception that the fans take on the performances. In addition, the book entails vital discussion on the roles of teachers and students in shaping Jazz music. This part recognizes that Jazz has attracted a considerable attention from the scholarly world. The scholarly world, in this case, comprises the students and teachers who provide insights into how the culture should celebrate Jazz. Through teachers and students, the Jazz culture is passed down to subsequent generations. This is essential in the face of rapidly evolving cultures that help accelerate the displacement of traditional music genres such as Jazz. This book is critical for the current generation of music lovers who ought to understand the intricacies involved in the growth of a genre. The book informs that former Jazz musicians injected considerable genius in defining new dimensions of music (Gioia 43). In addition, it illuminates the idea that music production relies on involvement by a diverse number of individuals. Furthermore, it highlights that music has an emotional attachment that the scholarly works cannot ignore in discussing the genre. This relates to how Jazz music has helped shape communities. The clause, shaping communities, refers to Jazz’s influences on given economic, social, and political ideals. In addition, it refers to how Jazz music has acquired outside influences in its development. Concert The performance at the Glendale-Pasadena area revealed that music lovers have accorded an offhand approach in enjoying Jazz music. Jazz music, hence, has become a mere cultural

Managing Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Information - Essay Example XV. Govt. regulations/ registration procedures to be taken care of. A publishing house itself comprises of a number of departments like; News Gathering Section: This section requires information about the sports correspondents working for snow skiing, details of sports bodies, information sources of the rival's magazine. Editorial Section: This section requires information about news gathering as well as editors available on snow skiing. At times we need to hire the services of experts and guest editors having the background of the concerned sport. Content Development Section: This section requires information about the quality of paper to be used, advertisement sources, content developers, etc. Subscription Department: This section requires information concerning the rates of subscription prevalent in the market, so that it can decide about the price of the magazine and subscription schemes to attract new subscribers. Publicity/ PR Section: This section is supposed to tell the target market about the availability of one more (if there are already some magazines in the market) HR & Admin Department: This department is to keep the finances and manpower available for successful running of the magazine. Sources of Information: Magazines available in market: Just go through the magazines available in the market and surf the content. This will provide the requisite information about its content and quality. This will also provide information about the subscription schemes. Rules, regulations and registration procedures: Notified gazette notifications of the respective state and federal governments. Snow skiing facilities: All such information can be gathered by getting...At times we need to hire the services of experts and guest editors having the background of the concerned sport. Subscription Department: This section requires information concerning the rates of subscription prevalent in the market, so that it can decide about the price of the magazine and subscription schemes to attract new subscribers. Magazines available in market: Just go through the magazines available in the market and surf the content. This will provide the requisite information about its content and quality. This will also provide information about the subscription schemes. Mailers to Existing Readers/ Patrons: Sending mailers/ other communication to existing subscribers (since the publishing house is already having some magazines under its fold) will help in getting a feel about the salability of a new magazine. Word of mouth campaigns: Talk to your own employees (as they are an integral part of the society) and try to gather their responses towards starting yet another magazine, as to whether they are cool or enthusiastic about the idea. Processing of Information: All such information is analyzed at the managerial level and once we have concrete knowledge (information analysis leads to knowledge) about the market requirement, budgeting, promotional requirements, staff requirements etc, such information/ guidelines can be passed on to the c

Interpersonal Communication Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interpersonal Communication - Assignment Example Practice makes perfect, doesn’t it? The seven challenges are listening carefully and more responsively; explaining conversational intent and tactful invitation of consent; clear and complete expression of oneself; translation of complaints and criticism into specific request and giving explanation to these requests; asking questions open ended and in a creative manner; expression of appreciation; and incorporating continuous learning approach to living (Conrad, 2014). This paper seeks to lay emphasis on the art of listening more carefully and responsively. A common resonance of late suggests that people should listen twice as much as they talk. Well, this demonstrates the realization of incorporating good listening skills in a conversation. Before expressing yourself, it is prudent to listen to other people’s views and opinions and understand their feelings too. Their views may contradict you opinion but acknowledging and approving or agreeing does not necessarily mean you are contented with them (Conrad,

Art appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Art appreciation - Essay Example ating the strategy, foundations, and styles of Jackson Pollock, can one start to appreciate the sheer peculiarity of Pollocks work that makes it so amazing. Pollock’s compositions reflect a profound certainty. Pollock appeared to paint for nobody but himself, a thought that he enunciated when he uttered, "Painting is self revelation. Each great artist paints what he is†. In his depictions, Pollock communicated his own feelings and painted precisely the way he wished, disregarding the impacts of popular culture, faultfinders, or negative remarks. Pollock was ready to go for risks in his specialty, ignoring the limits of specialized experimentation, as he produced his own remarkable style. Pollocks sketches are many-sided, profoundly complex, and intriguing. Huge numbers of them are excellent. The sheer size of them can be amazing. However, what makes Pollocks work so noteworthy is that he made a set of depictions that are hard to copy or imitate. They were progressive at the time Pollock made them, yet they are still generally as radical and extraordinary today. Jackson Pollock put much exertion and thought into his sketches, so every stream of paint was laid on the canvas with reason, a thinking that maybe just he caught on. This thing makes Pollocks compositions so precious today. I suppose there are some positive trends in the 21st century that were not in the 16th century art. For instance, the new advanced technology has played a bigger role in transforming art into postmodernism. The artist in the 21st century is improving art in terms of appearance due to the high technology. I am both disappointed and surprised about the 21st art. This is because the present art has been manipulated by the ever-growing use of technology hence artists are not talented nut just imposing themselves for material gain. However, there some improved features in the current art that were absent in the artistic works. The current art is not as interesting as compare to the

Company Analysis of the Financial Performance of White bread Plc Coursework

Company Analysis of the Financial Performance of White bread Plc - Coursework Example These businesses are conducted under the name of several well-known brands like the Premier Inn, the Beefeater Grill, the Brewers Fayre, Table Table, Taybarns and Costa Coffee. The company provides employment to around 40,000 people all over the world. The organization in based in the United Kingdom and constitutes one of the major hospitality brands of the region. It serves over 11 million customers on a monthly basis in UK. Whitbread Plc recorded commendable financial results in the year 20110-11. The company’s total revenues grew by 11.5 per cent from ? 1435 in 2009-10 to ? 1599.6 in 2010-11. The profit before tax recorded a handsome increase of 20.1 per cent from ? 239.1 in 200-10 to 287.1 in 2010-11. The firm also recorded a 17 per cent escalation in its full year dividend. The corresponding dividend increased from 38 in 2009-10 to 44.50 in 2010-11. Thus, overall the Whitbread Group consisting of the Bars, Hotels, restaurants and the Coffee Chains reported a good growth i n its business operations during the financial year 2010-11. Profitability Ratios Profitability Ratios of a company exhibit the firm’s capacity to generate earnings in comparison with its expenditure incurred during a period of time. Usually, an increase in the profitability ratios of a company over a time period indicates a good financial performance of the firm. (Thakuram, 2007, p.48). The Profit Margin: The Profit Margin is defined as the Net Income/Revenues or Net Profits/Sales. This is usually expressed as a percentage and indicates how much the firm retains as earnings out of every dollar of sales The Profit Margin of Whitbread Plc has been calculated for 2009-10 and 2010-11, as follows: Years Profit before Tax (million) Sales (mn) Profit Margin = Net Profit/Sales (%) 2010-11 ? 287.1 ? 1599.6 17.9% 2009-10 ? 239.1 ? 1434.6 16.7% (Annual Report of Whitbread Plc, 2009-10, 2010-11) Therefore, the Profit Margin of Whitbread Plc has increased from 16.7% in 2009-10 to 17.9% i n 2010-11. This shows that the financial performance of the company has improved from the previous year. Return on Assets (ROA): The Return on Assets is calculated by Net Income/Total Assets. This is also expressed as a percentage and gives an idea about the profitability of the company in relation to its total assets. The ROA of Whitbread Plc has been calculated for 2009-10 and 2010-11, as follows: (Annual Report of Whitbread Plc, 2009-10, 2010-11) The figures indicate that Whitbread Plc’s ROA has increased from 0.0009% in 2009-10 to 0.0010% in 2010-11. This shows that the pro0fitablity of the firm has increased from the last year. Efficiency Ratios Efficiency Ratios are utilized to evaluate how efficiently a company is able to make use of its internal assets and liabilities. An improvement of efficiency ratios usually lead to increased profitability for the company. (Leach, 2011, p.75-78) Sales to Inventory Ratio: This is calculated by Annual Net Sales/ Inventory. It provid es an idea about the inventory-to-sales ratio of the company, which can be compared over a period of time. The Sales to Inventory Ratio of Whitbread Plc has been calculated for 2009-10 and 2010-11, as follows: (Annual Report of Whitbread Plc, 2009-10, 2010-11) Therefore, the Sales to Inventory Ratio of Whitbread Plc, has decreased from 0.55 % in 2009-10 to 0.54% in 2010-11. Assets to Sales Ratio: This ratio is given by Total Assets/Net Sales. It provides an indication of how the firm is utilizing its assets to generate sales. The Assets to Sales Ratio of Whitbread Plc has been calculated for 2009-10 and 2010-11, as follows: (Annual Report of Whitbread Plc, 2009-10, 2010-11) Thus, the Assets to Sales Ratio of Whitbread Plc had reduced from 0.018% in 2009-10 to 0.017% in 2010-11. The decline in both the Efficiency

Google in the Mobile Handset Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Google in the Mobile Handset Market - Essay Example erious matter of market debate that Google’s decision to access mobile handset market with its ‘Nexus One’ can be a ‘next one’ revolution in the consumer technology. This piece of research work presents a market analysis of Google’s Nexus One mobile handset with different tools like SWOT, PESTEL and five force analyses. This work focuses on the growth and expansion of Google’s new mobile brand, the competitive environment and its effect on the business and how can Google deal with opportunities and threats. Google is very strong brand with $125 billion worth and an annual revenue of $10 billion. Google’s access to mobile handset market with its Nexus one’ Android phone shows that it is right time to come to dominate the market. David (2010) finds that there is plenty room for every Smartphone marketer to grow. There can be various diversities that consumers are highly demanding for it. By 2012, American smart-phone sales will reach 525 million making up of all cell-phones sold. There are amble opportunities for brands to thrive. In the next three month, around 20 % of Americans are planning to buy an iPhone, and a surging 17% are aiming at purchasing an Android product. Google’s new Nexus One can enhance those numbers since it runs on Android system (Christian Science Monitor, MasterFILE Premier). According to latest data from comScore, Apple’s and Google’s market share of the smart-phone in inching up while other leading brands like RIM are slowly loosing (Cheng, 2010, arstechnica.com). Cheng (2010) figured out that from September 2009 to December 2009, the overall market trend was very positive to Google. RIM and Microsoft have lost around 1 % in its sales and Palm has reduced sale by around 2.2 %, Apple’s Smart-phone was up by 1.2 % and Google’s smart-phone reported a 2.7 % increases in its market share (Cheng, 2010,arstechnica.com). SWOT analysis is conducted to present an analysis of the current position of the business and it

Multi-Cultural Paper Essay Example for Free

Multi-Cultural Paper Essay Introduction Finding a â€Å"multicultural† experience that brings me out of my comfort zone is something I found difficult. I moved to the city but am a small town girl at heart. I grew up riding a dirt bike, partying in fields, listening to country music, and hosting birthday parties that my friends and I built tree forts at. My first vehicle was a rear-wheel drive manual Chevrolet pick-up truck that I had to put weight in during the winter so I would not slide across the road. I lived on 140 acres of land, and the closest town was 15 minutes away. Since then, I have moved to the city and began, enjoying the convenience of everything like, bringing clothes to the dry cleaners, riding my bike to work, and preferring to lounge by the pool on a summer day, rather than explore like I used to. In college, I studied abroad in Scotland for a semester and had the opportunity to travel around Europe to England, Switzerland, Spain, and France. This experience exposed me to a number of different cultures, currencies, and experiences. It was the highlight of my college experience, but I became extremely homesick after a month and a half and, since then, have had no desire to visit anywhere abroad for longer than a couple of weeks. In addition to being familiar with both the small town and city lifestyles,not many things turn me off or make me uncomfortable. On the other hand, because I come from a small town, there are a few things I am unfamiliar with. I am not as familiar with different races or cultures, the wealth and fashion that comes with living near city suburbs, or the religion of anyone who isn’t Catholic. This is excluding the Europe experience, when I spent most my time in English speaking Scotland. Because of this, I chose three events that would expose me to new things in each one of those categories. Event #1: A Brazilian Carnival The first event took place at the Fine Line Music Cafà © in downtown Minneapolis. Classmate, Sarah Holman and I went to a Brazilian Carnival. I was interested in this sort of event because, in college, I worked at Afton Alps Ski and Snowboard, where they had a Brazilian exchange program and brought a number of Brazilians up for the winter to work. They became the best part of working there most years because they were so much fun and lived life to the fullest during their time in the United States. The event was fun, colorful, active, and something I had never been to before. There were dancers, drummers, people dressed up in costumes, and a band. After the introduction of drummers and dancers, a band began to play. Since we chose to attend on a Sunday afternoon, it was more of a family function but, if we had decided to attend on the Friday or Saturday evening before, I imagine the setting would have become a little wild after a few drinks because the music was so much fun. Instead, kids, parents, and couples were out on the dance floor dancing away innocently. When looking at what I know personally about Brazilians and comparing it to the event, it is clear that they typically like to have a good time. Their music is good, the people are often good looking, and they are extremely passionate about where they come from and their culture. My behaviors will not change in the workplace because of this event but the carnival did confirm the impression I had of Brazilian culture. Event #2: Omaha Fashion Week The second event took place in Omaha, Nebraska, where my youngest sister now lives. Once we found out that she would be walking in two of the shows, on both Friday and Saturday night, my mom, sister, her husband, and my boyfriend and I began planning our trip right away. When planning for the shows, I had no idea what to expect. I have never been to a fashion show, know nothing about fashion and, most importantly, I had no idea what to wear! Going into the first night we had been traveling all day, were hungry, and the guys weren’t around yet to stay at the hotel and babysit so we had to bring my two-year old nephew. One of the things that I am most insecure about is not knowing what to do and, worse, looking like I do not know what to do, in any given situation. To explain, I am always tentative to try new restaurants because I know that each one has a different culture that I may not fit in with. The way they do things, like the way one orders, dresses, and acts, are always altered. This doesn’t mean I avoid the experience but, when deciding to go somewhere new, I always get a nervous feeling with some immediate regret, wishing I had chosen to go somewhere familiar. This is something I am working on because, every time the experience is done, I’m glad it happened and always want to try something else new as soon as possible. This is how I felt going into Omaha Fashion Week. This time, I was more excited to see my sister but, since I was with my mom, sister and a two-year old at an adult event, and since they also had no clue what was going on, I was mortified. The first night felt like a warm-up, and I began to understand the scenery, people, what was happening, and everything else that was going on. There were individuals who were much more casual looking than me, but there also many who were more dressed up. By the end of the night I felt like I could pick out the more important faces by just looking around the crowd. My method probably wasn’t very accurate, but it led to some excellent people watching. The second night was a girl’s night, consisting of my mom, sister, and me. We were able to leave the boys and nephew at the hotel for the evening. Learning from the first night, we showed up right when the event was supposed to begin, which means that we only had to wait half an hour for the show to start, instead of an hour, like the night before. We made sure to get some pictures on the red carpet and relax while enjoying a couple drinks in advance. The challenge for me going into this event was having to go somewhere new, where I had no idea what the culture was going to be like. When looking at the event in a professional context, I was intimidated, going in, by those whom I thought were â€Å"better† than me. Meaning, those who know fashion, have money, status, and the wealthy (not so nice) personalities you see on teenage television shows. I did not encounter any of these stereotypes when at the event. Everyone seemed to be enjoying themselves and not judging, as I would have thought. This makes me think of those who are more successful and intimidating than I in a professional environment. As I have always been taught, treat others as you would like to be treated. This is something I will remember in the workplace for future reference. If I go in treating someone with the respect I would like to get in return, chances are they will treat me with the same respect. I feel that going to this fashion show cemented this lesson for me. I need to not concentrate on my insecurities as much, and, instead focus on treating everyone the same. This event did not confirm the stereotypes I had imagined like everyone being snobby, rich, and over the top. Looking back on the weekend, I think of it as one of the best times I’ve had yet for year 2013, all because I stepped out of my comfort zone. Interview #1 In attempt to deepen the Omaha Fashion Week experience, I interviewed a friend’s sister, Michelle Olson, who is an extremely successful plus size model, living in New York City. Michelle has experienced a much different lifestyle that is very foreign to me; one that I can relate to class and to the multi-cultural experience above. I was able to ask the questions and get the answers below: Michelle Olson Interviewee #1 Michelle Olson Interviewee #1 Q: In class we talked a lot about one’s personal brand. As a model, I assume your personal brand is extremely important and somewhat determines your reputation in the industry. Is this true? Do you have any examples of this you can expand on? A: Personal brand is important in modeling because we have to show our personality somehow with only a few minutes. So its important to just be yourself and wear what you like. A lot of clients are particular about a models personality because they want to show their brand a certain way and target a certain customer. We also cant be too eccentric or too trendy because some clients are just looking for a blank canvas and one that they know their clothes will look good on without being too distracted by the person and their own style. Q: In the business environment one usually has to work hard to advance or know someone to get ahead. Is this true in modeling as well? How do you climb in your industry? A: Eventually a model can [achieve this ] by booking big clients and then having them like you enough to re-book you again. People and clients also tend to take notice, usually if a model books editorials in big magazines. Q: Is it difficult to keep your values in this industry? Is it difficult while keeping a positive image for yourself amongst peers? A: I have been lucky so far in my career in that I have only had good experiences as far as boundaries and my personal values go. Everyone I have worked for have been very respectful and professional. Its important to have an agent that cares about you and will only send you out to legit, professional companies. Q: We also discussed virtual groups/communication in class. Is this a common form of communication in this industry or is it usually easier to do things in person? A: Email is a very important communication tool in my industry. Most of my communication with my agents is by email. All my job details are always emailed to me before the job. When I am in New York, I usually have to actually go in and see and talk to the agents in person at least once a week, sometimes more. Castings however are always in person. They are usually just quick little interview type things where you go and meet the client, have them look at your portfolio, and sometimes maybe take a couple pictures and try on some clothes. If you are unable to see them in person then our agents usually just send our portfolio for them to look at. Q: With the perspective of models being stick thin, does this pressure you to be this way? A: Working as a plus size model is another world than working as a straight size (0-6) model. Plus size is usually like a size 12, so we still have to stay around that size. We still eat very healthy and exercise so that we have good skin and feel good, etc. However, most of us are at our natural size, and therefore theres a lot less stress about size. Its great! Q: Are there â€Å"leaders† in your industry? Or are they always changing because your jobs are always changing? What is that like? A: Our agents are like our bosses. They get us our job so its important to have good relationships with them. We have three of them, and they are all cool and friendly so its quite nice! Obtaining this information from Michelle has provided me with interesting insight on a completely different business environment, than of the corporate life I am used to. Event #3: Scientology Church Tour My third event was a tour and question and answer period at the Saint Paul Church of Scientology. I went to this with three classmates, Sarah, Cody, and Andrea. As mentioned at the beginning of this paper, I am not familiar with many different kinds of religion, beside Catholicism. Through Tom Cruise, I have heard a lot of wonderful things about Scientology. I have also heard the opposite about the religion from his ex-wives. From what I was told, saw, and learned, the experience had a positive impact that made me curious and left me wanting to learn more about the religion. The interesting part about the church is that it focuses on the here and now, versus the Christian religion where their beliefs are based on the Bible, which is many centuries old. The self-guided tour consisted of watching videos to obtain information about the religion. There were different categories, so we could watch the topics we were most interested in. After watching a couple of videos, we felt it would be most beneficial to speak to the tour guide and ask questions about her experiences. From her answers, I gathered that Scientologists like to help people. If you are having troubles in your marriage or need help finding where to go in life, you can join counseling groups. If there is a natural disaster in the world, Scientologists will travel to the location and help out where they can. The part that interested me most is their passion to help individuals with any issues that individual might be having. In a book recommended by Andrea that provided an opposite perspective of Scientology, Jenna Miscavige Hill writes about her â€Å"secret life inside scientology and her harrowing escape† (Beyond Belief, Cover). This is something I wish I would have known about before going into the tour because I would have asked questions in regards to this book. In the book, Jenna explains about her life as a member of the Sea Org, the church’s most devoted core group of Scientology. She describes how she was sent away as a child to receive an education in Scientology, the manual labor she was forced to perform, and the coercion she faced from officials. Nothing about children being sent away to Scientology school was brought up or asked about throughout our time at the Church. After reading the 10 Juiciest Bits about Scientology from Jenna’s book, it made me think twice about what I found out while at the church. Hearing both the positive and negative sides of Scientology will not change the way I act in a professional environment because, knowing both sides of the religion will not diminish the respect I have for other’s personal religious choices. I think the main challenge for the Church of Scientology is the extreme difference in viewpoints you can have on the religion. Those who are Scientologist think it’s the most wonderful thing, but those who know about it and have gotten out have nothing good to say about it. Interview #2 The second interview I conducted did not relate to any of my multicultural experiences, but was instead with a coworker, Violet. Violet is from Uganda, Africa, and came to the United States in January 2000 to attend school at the University of Minnesota. Violet’s experience relates to the â€Å"Chimamanda Adichie: The Danger of a Single Story† video watched in class. Violet Interviewee #2 Violet Interviewee #2 Since this was an in person interview, not many structured questions were asked. Instead, there was a lot of back and forth conversation, unlike the interview with Michelle. When explaining her experiences growing up, Violet made a point on how the way she was raised and lived is only one view, and not everyone was able to live the way she did. Violet comes from a very successful family. She explained how she lived a very privileged life, in Uganda, and does not know what poverty is when asked about it. When her family came to Minnesota, they brought their maid with them, which is not common for many when traveling to the States. Violet came on a student visa. Due to the fact that she was from out of the country, she had to pay almost three times more per semester than most students attending the university. This is something her father paid for so, unlike me and many others, she graduated with no student loans. I asked Violet about the manifestation of personal brand of Africa and she explained that it is very different. One in Africa is unable to choose their personal brand. When interviewing for positions, the question is always, â€Å"Whose son or daughter is that?† not â€Å"How smart or qualified are they?† In Uganda, there is a strong British influence, so class and tribal system is what makes you who are you. It is all about whom you know or who you are related to. Violet never professionally worked in Africa, but states that one’s choices are limited regarding what they can decide to grow up to be. You either plan to be a doctor, lawyer, dentist, or anything else with a designate d path. There are few opportunities and many talents are wasted. Marketing or human resource careers aren’t options or even thought about in Africa when choosing an education path. When Violet came to Minnesota to begin school, she had it in her mind that she was going to become a lawyer. Not until she was almost done with her Bachelor’s degree did she begin to realize that becoming a lawyer was maybe something she didn’t actually want to do. She went on to complete her MBA, with the mind set of beginning to work toward a law degree. She is now a Senior Human Resources Recruiter, and sometimes wishes she had received her Bachelor’s degree in Marketing or Communications, instead of Business, realizing that she was still living in the African career mentality when choosing her education. While people in the US think that an 8% unemployment rate is high, Africa has over 50% unemployment. This is partially because there are not enough businesses to employ everyone. Unlike in the US, there are no government services to help the poor. There is also not as much access to goods like in the US. Not everyone has the convenience to go to stores like Target or Wal-Mart. Lastly, when asked if people treat her different based on what the average American knows about Africans – that they are poor – she admitted that people sometimes do. Some are surprised to learn that she speaks English very well, others reject her when they realize that she is not a suffering African, and the black community does not always accept her as black. She has wondered if she had come over as an African refuge; how things might be different in the way people treat her. The interview with Violet was a further look into what I don’t know about Africa. It gave me knowledge and taught me never to judge based what I see on television or read in books. As Violet made clear at the beginning of our interview, she has only one view point regarding Africa, and not everyone was raised like her. This reminds me to never judge when only hearing one side of the story. This is a lesson that can be brought into the workplace every single day. The two interviews and three multi-cultural experiences opened my eyes to things I would never have known about. I learned about what it was like to attend a fashion show, a different culture, and religion. These experiences changed the way I look at life and the way I approach professional environments. Due to this project, I will search for new experiences that will bring be out of my comfort zone, just like the activities above. References Adichie, Chimamanda, perf. Chimamanda Adichie: The danger of a single story. 2009. Film. March 2013. http://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story.html. Fallon, Kevin. 10 Juiciest Bits From Ex-Scientologist’s Tell-All ‘Beyond Belief’. (2013): n. page. Web. 22 Apr. 2013. Miscavige Hill, Jenna. Beyond Belief: My Secret Life Inside Scientology and My Harrowing Escape. 1. 1. Harpercollins, 2013. 404. Print. Nassalo , Violet. Personal Interview. 9 Apr 2013. Olson, Michelle. E-mail Interview. 4 Apr 2013.

Singapore Zoo Marketing Strategies

Singapore Zoo Marketing Strategies The new event of process scheduled in the recent era is the launch of e-Business. This process is basically an additional method for the growth of productivity and an increase in the zone of profit for the business that is involved. The key structure of the e-Business is the active utility of the computers and online transactions. This also involves various strategies to complete the process and handle the structure with core techniques for the best result. The acquired process of marketing and management in the recent years have grown and taken its place with latest techniques and new acronyms in the global touch. E-Business is the new integration of the activities of the organisation or the company and their products along with their services and procedures in the internet. A old traditional business linked with the new growth of enables e-Business strategy integrating the activities of the organisation or the company featuring sales, accounting, marketing and many more operations that are concerned with the organization and their process involved takes us to the pride of achieving the future growth and their expansion. Outline Segment: This assignment includes the necessary of identifying the principles of marketing and a complete analysis of the structure of e-business in to the chosen illustration. The time to time market explains the product launch and their association with the market for the release. It redirects the right time for the consideration of launch of the project or practice in accordance with the implementation changes that has to take place within the organisation as a matter of fact. Branding: The process of branding shall be concerned as the part of sources provided in the internet and other resources about the brand and by the tasks of business of participation. The web page normally supplies the relevant scope of information about the brand and the organisation with its benefits and service provided on the real. A website establishes the fact of the company or the organization and creates awareness about the offers and availability of the schemes provided by the company. It also brings the latest key on notice to the immediate reach of the customers and creates a satisfaction among the customers. The process of branding not only has an impact on the customers but also enriches the source of customers with a build of trust and raises itself with a value of accreditation in the market of competition. The brand becomes a part of the quality and promise of the customers and the partners along with the employees as a part of flexibility, trust and growth. Singapore Zoo: The Singapore Zoo, Located at 80 Mandai Lake Road, is also known as Mandai Zoo or Singapore Zoological Garden. Popular for its Night Safari attraction, the Zoo has a reaped a long list of awards, both local and international. This has to be the one of the really beautiful zoos, of which there are all too few. It is brilliant laid out, so that the ceclosure fences are almost totally hidden. The expanses of the water of the seletar reservoir are a magnificent additional feature of the setting. The animals are beautifully maintained in good health, in spite of the climatic conditions. All in all, the Zoo shall receive a warn congratulation for the heads that are responsible for them, and declaring it for us was a great experience to see it. The gem of an idea to have a zoo was conceived by Dr. Ong Swee Law. Opened on 27 June 1973, the Singapore Zoological gardens caters to recreational, educational and social needs of Singaporeans and tourist to the republic. The Open Zoo which reflects the absence of physical barriers in enclosure design. Instead cascading waters, lush vegetation and moats cleverly mask the hidden barriers to enhance the illusion of freedom and natural jungle-like atmosphere for the animals. The Zoo began with the humble collection of 270 animals of about 72 species. To date, a total of over 2000 animals of 240 species are displayed in some 70 exhibits. One of the more appealing attractions at the zoo is the animal show. The animal shows Primate Reptile show s and Elephant and Sea-lion shows. Due to popularity and surge in crowds, an Amphitheatre was built in 1985 to centralize these shows and to seat visitors comfortably. The amphitheatre which has a long pool with glass panels for aquatic acts can seat 1,500 and can accommodate up to 2,000 spectators. The Animal Shows are specially designed to incorporate the natural behaviours of the animals to educate visitors in an entertaining presentation. The conservation messages are disseminated to the audience during the shows to heighten their awareness of the environment. In 1987, the Zoo introduced the Special loan exhibit, where rare animals on loan from other Zoos are displayed for a short period. The animals which have been displayed at the special Loan Exhibit include the golden monkeys, white tigers and giant pandas. This novel idea gives visitor s an opportunity to view rare animals which cannot be exhibited permanently at the zoo. The enclosure was renamed Singaporean Press Holdings (SPH) enclosure following its adoption by the SPH group in 1990. Another major breakthrough for the Zoo was the introduction of underwater viewing exhibits. The first was in 1988 the underwater viewing polar bear exhibit enable visitors to rub noses with the Zoos polar bear. Since 1987, the Zoo pas sed the million marks in visitor attendance. The string of awards bagged by the Singapore Zoo attests to splendid inhabitants and services: 2002 Asean Tourism Association (ASEANTA) Awards for Excellence, Best New attraction in ASEAN (Singapore Zoo for Hamadryas Baboons The great rift valley of Ethiopia). 2001: STB (Singapore Tourism Board) Tourism Awards: Leisure Attraction of the Year 2001 (Singapore Zoo). 2001 The Singapore Totalisator Board Excellence Singapore Award: Internationally acclaimed open zoo design and excellent in-situ conservation achievement. 2000: Where Singapore magazines Concierge Choice Awards: Best Place to Take the Kids. 1999: IMA (Incentive Meeting Asia) Awards: Best Theme Attraction. Important Campaigns in the process of integration of the organisation in e-Business are as follows; A new architecture of strategy and launch of business automation by the process of e-Business. An enhanced view and recommendation of the developed solution in the web and front-end legacy applications. A new format of the developed portals of the organization or the company with the update of the latest information. New value chain integrated through the web based application for the company or the organization. SWOT analysis: The SWOT analysis is an understanding of the total result of the current position of the business. It defines the Strength, weakness, opportunities and the threats of the organization matching the external opportunities with the internal strengths. The company or the organization involving for the SWOT analysis has to order the strategies and strengths to hold in control the weaknesses and eliminate the threats in any from the external sources. Strengths: They are open 365 days all around the year and it is considered as a most entertained tourist attraction. They open at 8:30 am in the morning and close at 6:00 pm in the evening creating an enthusiastic environment for all ages from 6 to 90 daily all around the year. The last ticket sale everyday is available at 5:30 pm enabling the visitors to enter at the event of closing for short time enjoyments too. The cost of the entry is also reasonable for the attractions available in the theme forest, the Singapore Zoo. Rental of the stroller is available enabling a hassle free travel until the Zoo and the charges are also reasonable as $9 only. Complimentary admission for DDR(Disability Development Registry) card holders and entitlement of beneficiary programmes chosen by the Voluntary Welfare associations. Protection and conservation comes with education. The visit enhances us to understand the necessary of conservation and protection raising awareness. Organising events such as wedding and parties for own reason with reasonable cost guaranteeing the success of the occasion conducted. Sponsorship and adoption also remains as a part of the team along with small donation initiating the success of protection and conservation of wildlife. The location suits the entry itself with a night safari and orchid gardens roaring itself with pride for visiting. Shows are unique and visiting Australian outback, cat country, critters Longhouse, Fragile forest, Elephants of Asia, Hamadryas Baboons, Orang Utan, Polar Bear, Proboscis Monkeys, Primate Kingdom, Rainforest Kidzworld, Reptile Kingdom, Wild Africa, White tiger are the main attractions. Weaknesses: Weather: The weather circumstance may be the stop point, as prediction is never accurately right hence the market prediction refers accordingly. Cost: This cost may sound reasonable when considering the factors of the total value and convenience referred in the place. Place: The location depends convenient on consideration upon the general factors but the unique thoughts upon the each visitor vary. Shows: Visitors though they are happy with the shows and preferences that are given or organised by the organisation but they prefer to have more shows. Opportunities: The Singapore Zoo is said to be an organised theme with shows, events and attractions. They tend to have increased in their growth along with the years. Now they have become a part of the wildlife protection and conservation creating awareness in the social media. There are quite a lot of opportunities and competition that exist in the field in and around the world. Threats: There are no huge threats when concerned with the whole of the organisation whereas some exist such as the competition between the other themes around the area. There exist another night safari and orchid gardens for visiting. The location Singapore itself refers itself for a calm and roaring entertaining area. The visitor can become a sponsor or a member, he can involve himself as a part of the team enriching the lives of animals the wonder and an escape for the reality in admiration. They are the sources of a living entertainment and they have to be preserved. Marketing mix: The most important elements of marketing are defined as the 4 Ps. They are Product, promotion, price and place. An organization may change the elements of marketing according to their requirements and tendencies. The target for their own caste in the market is set with official designation with the alteration of the principles of marketing mix if required and are taken in to consideration for the fact of earning their benefits in the resource implemented. The main component to be considered is the addressing of the competitive market and the implementation and the process of support by the operations merged to prove the reach of the target through the marketing mix principles. Taking the marketing mix in this instance for this organisation comprises of the products, place, promotion and distribution. The products offered are the actual offering that is present in the location and the price is the value that remains exchanged for the offering present in the place. The promotion includes the targeting of the audience with the mix of promotions for the attraction of visitors. Distribution covers the place where the product is being offered and located for the targeting of the audience. Place: The location is been chosen as the best suited place for the construction of the Zoo and its the perfect place for the process chosen by the organization. The organization built has various ideas such as scheduling events and wedding ideas indoor or outdoor events. They also categorize themselves in organising the events and catering and all sources for the booked events. The location sets scenic view and way for the other places of attraction such as the night safari and orchid gardens that cover the tourist spots. The major point discovers the area as a whole of tourist attraction and determines itself with a variety of attraction such as night safaris and gardens on way to the Rainforest zoo. They also become a part of other organisations such as the zoos and wildlife conservation within the country. The animal encounters and rides, feeding times, animal photography, zoo shop plays an important role in the pride of being unique among the other attractions. Price: The cost of the entry is effective when considered the shows and features of the Zoo. The price is $20 per adult and $13 for the Child aged within 6-12. Students concession and group allowances are available when booked as a whole and has to be contacted the organization. They have some plans for the disabled and authorised visitors allowing a free entry for the DDR card holders. Product: The zoo comprises of various shows in exhibiting the wildlife of the organisation and other specific animals such as White tiger, fragile forest, wild Africa, Elephants of Asia, cat country, Orang Utan, Reptile Garden, Polar bear, Proboscis Monkeys, Rainforest Kidzworld, Primate Kingdom, Hamadryas Baboons, Critters Longhouse, Australian outback. It is also considered as the finest zoo in Asia and ranks top among the beautiful zoo of the world too. The animals adopt an open concept of living in the landscape and spread across the vivid and spacious environment separated for the curious spectators with wet and dry moats. The shows are of varieties and the spark for enthusiasm lie in high potential for customers to return often in visiting the zoo. It is considered to be the worlds first zoo with night wild life park on may 26th 1994. It covers the second place for the dense forest divided among the east and west loops. An extraordinary experience with the nocturnal species of more than one thousand animals within a count of 100 species toggled in the technique of soft light of visibility. The night safari is said to the wholesome and popular entertainment in the night attracting almost all the visitors of tourist attractions present in the city. Over the past decade it has not let itself one percent down with the novelty. It has loaded itself with four awards in the recent past including the local and international being a part of the IFEA Pinnacle award of the 2001 with a present title as the Gold winner. The Night safari process is also famous for its Gourmet safari Express. Promotion: The promotions of the organisation comprises of the animal photography, guided tours, Animal encounters and rides, feeding times, foods and beverages, shops in zoo, friendly facilities for the disabled and shows organised according to the periods of season. Education and conservation are part of the promotional scheme for the visitors to get involved with the social space. The childrens world was created in the year of 1973 consisting of the play land and the animal land. The famous miniature train ride that connects the lands together and the animals are placed in such a manner that they exist in their natural habitat unlike the artificial influence and stimulation. The animal land in entitled for the childrens to play and with a real life experience as the domestic animals participate in the play. The domestic animals include the chickens, rabbits and sheep. The play land is efficiently placed with conventional equipments used for play enhancing the space of life. The childrens world has been voted the best location for the kids in the magazine Where Singapore inaugural concierge choice 1999 awards. This is the first world wide entertainment promotion among the other specimens in the same category all around the world to introduce the varieties of elements such as the underwater exhibits an opportunity to view the rare animals within the short span of time as the zoo is just 37 years old. The zoo is amphitheatre centralised that was built in the year 1985 and now it has reached the heights of audience including the primate, reptile and elephant shows starting in the 1970s and helping the launch of amphitheatre with more than 1500 to 2000 seats of accommodation. Awards: The awards have been contributed for the specialised services and splendid inhabitants of the zoo. The Zoo initially started with 270 animals of about 72 species and has grown to an extent of 2000 animals contributing from the 240 species displayed in almost 70 exhibits. The awards are both local and international as listed below; 1999 Best theme Attraction- IMA (Intensive and meetings Asia Awards) 2000 Concierge choice awards Where Singapore Magazine Best place for kids 2001 Leisure attraction of the year Singapore Totalisator Board of Excellence for Singapore award 2001 Singapore tourism Board (STB) Leisure attraction the year 2001. 2002 ASEANTA Asean Tourism Association Awards for excellence: Best New Attraction. Experiences: The various attractions that are found in the organisation is said to be dimensional and are the best experience in ones life after the visit. The new vision of administering and maintaining the species of living example and their conservation is the most important feature. The visitors all over the world have always been satisfied and this organisation has taken the pride of providing more than the cost involved per person for the entertainment. The events organised consist of vivid ceremonies personalised according to the booking made by the individual and general events such as wedding and celebrations of specific occasions are organised in such a way that they are most remembered and considered the best in the minds of celebrated individual family. The vast number of crowds and selection of shows organised in the zoo according with the seasons play an important role for the visit of various visitors and audiences. Marketing Controls: Market research, customer surveys, participation, sponsorship, attendance with on-field success is considered to be the main controls of marketing generally. The e-business plays an important role in the marketing roles for this organisation. The website is specially designed to contribute al the efficiency and entertainment lively probing the customer to participate in the visit. The design of the website enhances the quality and governance of contribution in a specialized way. It also shows complete data of the zoo and further to the facts present it also allots a chance for the participation of the visitor along with the excitement offers. Conclusion: The overall consideration and the above report show the complete focus of the organisation. The report after the examination from the history until the latest score of the organisation considering the facts along with the advantages and disadvantages conclude that they are listed in the top ranking for the attractions world-wide. This result shows the specific activity and growth of their marketing through a new median of e-Business launching their complete attractions and consideration with a virtual view over the available charts of the organisation. The marketing strategies that actively participate in the role of increasing their growth from the past decades have contributed much to their heights of enhancement. Hence the process of growth has taken an important ride in the marketing strategy and mix along with core key of E-Business.

Austria: The Cause of World War One Essay -- World History

The nation responsible for the onset of World War I is Austria-Hungary because of the territorial and political stances with Serbia that provoked the assassination of the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. After Ferdinand's death, Austria-Hungary initiated a call for support to the Germans about the problems in the Balkans, resulting in Germany confirming their assistance by issuing a â€Å"Blank Check.† Austria later gave Serbia a list of ultimatums that consisted of extreme demands in hopes of Serbia rejecting it. Since Serbia is a country where Slavic nationalism was idealized, it refused the idea of Austria gaining the right to control the investigation of Franz Ferdinand's assassination and have authority over the state of Serbia and this did in fact compel Serbia to reject the ultimatums. Austria knew that Serbia would not accept this list of ultimatums and therefore sent it as a rational motive to declare a war. Not long after, Austria declared war on Serbia, and Germany, Aus tria's ally, declared war on Russia, an ally of Serbia. The underlying causes of World War I can be related back to the conflicts involving Austria-Hungary and the territory of Bosnia-Herzegovia. In 1878, Serbia became independent from the Ottoman nation. With this independence, Serbia anticipated that their region would include the South Slavs in Bosnia and Herzegovia. Slavic nationalists in Serbia were in hopes of seceding from the Austro- Hungarian empire. In 1879, the Congress of Berlin placed Bosnia-Herzegovia under Austrian rule, shattering the nationalist's hopes of gaining that territory. Bosnia did not want to be under rule by a multinational state like Austria and the Austrians were not fond about Serbia promoting Slavic nationalism. The Austrian gove... ...9, Appendices 1 and 2, 1914. The Great War Primary Documents Archive, Inc. 1995 Conklin, Dennis. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (June 28, 1914). The University of Southern Mississippi. Lecture. 4 April 2012. Franz Joseph. Autograph Letter of Franz Joseph to the Kaiser, Vienna, 2 July 1914. The Great War Primary Documents Archive, Inc. 1995. 7 April 1996 Conklin, Dennis. Tactical and Technical Developments. The University of Southern Mississippi. Lecture. 4 April 2012 The Serbian Blue Book. No 37, 11 July 1914. The Great War Primary Documents Archive, Inc 1995 The Austro-Hungarian Red Book. Section 1, Nos- 1-19, Appendices 1 and 2, 1914. The Great War Primary Documents Archive, Inc. 1995 The German White Book. Germany's Reasons for War with Russia. Messrs. Liebheit and Thiesen of Berlin. The Great War Primary Document Archive, Inc. 1995

Gender and Philosophy Class: Whose Job is it Anyways Essay -- ethics

Ethics of care, maternal thinking and morality are all very important aspects that should be involved in all aspects of society, but most of all today’s gendered workforce. Both men and women should receive equal rights and same treatment in the workplace, from equal opportunity to equal pay. Ethics of care, maternal thinking and morality should be applied in full when developing fairness in the workforce because of the great points it brings up about our flaws in societal development. The unfairness our society has created with jobs is expressed in both of these ways of thinking as well as displaying resolutions to these issues. â€Å"Women are moral equals of men†¦the experiences of women deserve our respect and are vital to a full and accurate understanding of morality† (CRP 194). The author of these ethics is trying to show how women need to be equal to men in society. Both men and women have something to offer in different ways. By ignoring attributes women could bring to the workplace, there are some things that might not be understood or accomplished. Women provide a cooperative, flexibility, openness, and so many other emotions, and characteristics that men don’t possess which is essential to achieve all possible success in the workforce. The author serves this point that both men and women are essential for society to function as they provide these different aspects that can either make the work world more efficient or even a different approach of doing things. â€Å"The aims and goals that define a practice are so central or â€Å"constitutive† that in the absence of the goal you would not have that practice† (CRP 209). This author also provides the point that women have more to offer, in situations that men cannot possess. Women prid... ...e many things that should be considered when adapting the human workforce. In all honesty though, ethics of care, maternal thinking, and morality are far more important for equality and sameness than any other ideals. Without ethics of care, there would be no right or wrong. Without right or wrong, morality would not have been adopted to teach civilization how to treat people in the workforce. Without maternal thinking, there would not be variation in the people or how they are treated both in and outside the work place. Works Cited "CRP." Gender and Philosophy Class Reading Packet. Comp. Sandy Johanson. Philosophy 206 ed. N.p.: n.p., 2014. 1-151. Rpt. in Readings Week 1-5. N.p.: n.p., n.d. N. pag. Print. The Mothers Movement Online. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2014. ement.org/features/mhoodpapers/maternalism/morality_equality_p2.htm>.

The Crash :: Creative Writing Essays

The Crash ........ as Jesse stumbled down the stairs, he could hear the weeping and he knew that something had gone wrong. He cried out, "what's going on?" "Jesse this is officer Potter, and he would like to talk to you," wept his grandmother. "What's the problem officer?" mumbled Jesse half asleep, rubbing his eyes. "Well, Jesse I don't know how to tell you this, but this morning on I-43 your dad was in a very terrible accident. He was hit by a semi truck heading south on the interstate. And when we arrived upon the scene, your father was found dead." Stammered the nervous rookie cop. "Oh God, oh God, who did this?...........how did?.......why?.... . ............. I have to get out of here." Cried Jesse with a face full of tears. "Jesse come back here!" Sobbed his grandmother. Jesse then took off, and he told no one where he was going. So now there is a grandmother weeping, a nervous rookie cop, and an upset missing teenager; what is the family to do now. They just lost their dad, and son, and now his child has taken off. Talk about a nightmare of a morning. After Jesse took off his grandmother sat there on the couch, clutching the work shirt of her dead son crying, "Oh Edward, Oh Edward." The cries echoed through the empty house as the grandmother sat there in tears. "How could this have happened?" Thought Jesse to himself, "he was just in Green Bay and now he's dead. Who did this? They will get theirs." The only thing that kept Jesse going was his hatred. He had to devise a plan to get back at the person who did this. The only thing he could think of was to repay blood for blood. Jesse didn't know the exact details of the accident, but when he found out he erupted into a fit of rage. "So the driver of the semi fell asleep behind the wheel, huh? I tell you what, he better not fall asleep tonight. There is one pissed of kid coming for him." As Jesse sat at home devising a plan to pay back 'blood for blood', his grandmother is planning out the arrangements for the funeral. Jesse's plan sounds so simple and fool proof that even a child could pull this off. His idea was to wait until about 1 o'clock in the morning and break into his house and deal with him in an inhumane manner. All through his life Jesse had a

Brief 1

Susan M. V. New York Law School, No. 129, Court of Appeals of New York, 76 N. Y. 2d 241; 556 N. E. 2d 1104; 557 N. Y. S. 2d 297; 1990 N. Y. LEXIS 1413, April 26 1990, Argued, June 14, 1990, Decided Facts: Petitioner law student was placed on academic probation after her first year of law school. A year later, having failed to maintain a minimum cumulative average as required by respondent law school's rules, she was dismissed after a hearing of respondent's academic status committee. She sought reinstatement in an action under N. Y. C. P. L. R. 8 alleging that the decision was arbitrary and capricious, and that her poor academic performance was due to three professors' irrational testing and grading procedures. She argued that the committee failed to give sufficient weight to various personal factors and that the dismissal was in retaliation for complaining about her professors. Issue: Student was being kicked out of school for having failed to maintain a minimum cumulative average a s required by respondent law school's rules, she was dismissed after a hearing of respondent's academic status committee.Holding: The court found the student guilty of not being able to be in compliance with the minimum requirement for a cumulative average. Responsive affidavits asserted that exam grading was purely a matter of academic discretion based on the overall quality of the answers. The appellate division remanded for consideration of whether a particular grade was a rational exercise of discretion, but granted the parties leave to appeal. The court dismissed the petition, holding that assessments of academic performance involved academic determinations requiring the expertise of educators.Hence, petitioner's claims were not judicially cognizable. Analysis: The student was unable to comply with requirements from the school and was overturned on the fact that her grades were solely held to the discretion of the professors whom had a reason for each of the grades she had rece ived. Conclusion: Her petitions didn’t matter and ended up getting removed form the law school because of her failure to comply with certain academic policy’s of that school.

Diabetes And Periodontal Disease

INTRODUCTIONDiabetes and periodontal disease are both highly prevalent in the general population. A disease of the metabolism, diabetes has far reaching effects in the body. It affects the body’s capacity to fight infections and regenerate. Periodontal disease, though limited to the oral cavity, can influence systemic health. The effect of diabetes on periodontal disease has been studied extensively in the past. Now, with the advent of periodontal medicine, the effects of periodontal disease on development and control of diabetes are under scrutiny. We shall be seeing the cyclic relationship of these two diseases, and how control of one can lead to improved control of the other.DIABETESDiabetes mellitus is a systemic disease with several major complications affecting both the quality and length of life. It is an endocrine disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia. Diminished insulin production, impaired action of insulin or both, lead to decreased transport of glucose to the tissues. This leads to an elevated blood sugar level.There are two types of diabetes, depending on the cause:Type 1 (insulin dependant diabetes mellitus) It is caused due to autoimmune destruction of the ÃŽ ² cells of the pancreatic Islets of Langerhans.Type 2 (non insulin dependant diabetes mellitus)It is caused by resistance of peripheral receptors to the action of insulin.Both types of diabetes are associated with many long term complications. These include nephropathy, retinopathy, and neuropathy, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular complications. Periodontitis is now considered to be the sixth complication of diabetes.It is also associated with poor wound healing and susceptibility to infections.PERIODONTAL DISEASEPeriodontal disease can be defined as ‘An inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of the teeth caused by specific microorganisms or groups of specific microorganisms, in a susceptible host, resulting in progressive destruction of the periodontal ligam ent and alveolar bone with pocket formation, recession or both.’Periodontitis is an ongoing process characterized by phases of destruction and quiescence. The destruction is influenced by many systemic factors like dietary deficiencies, hormonal balance and host defense. Condition like vitamin c deficiency, pregnancy, immune deficiency and diabetes affect periodontal disease.DIABETES AS AN AGGRAVATING FACTOR OF PERIODONTAL DISEASEThe oral manifestations of diabetes include mucositis, burning mouth, candidiasis, abscesses, gingival polyps and periodontal disease. Diabetes, when a complication of Periodontitis, acts as a modifying and aggravating factor in the severity of periodontal infection. Diabetics with periodontitis demonstrate more attachment loss, bone loss, and deeper probing pocket depths than non-diabetic individuals. The earlier the onset of diabetes, and the poorer the control, more is the susceptibility to periodontal disease. Also, when a diabetic individual con tracts periodontal disease, it is of a greater severity than in non-diabetic individuals.Change in the MicrofloraDiabetic individuals show elevated levels of glucose in the blood. This leads to elevated glucose levels in the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). This changes the environment of the periodontal microflora. There is a qualitative change of micro-organisms between non-diabetic and diabetic individuals. Studies have shown an increase in the number of Capnocytophaga and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcometans subgingivally in diabetic individuals.Microvascular Angiopathy:Diabetes leads to microvascular angiopathy, causing a compromised delivery of blood and nutrients to the periodontal tissues. There is a decrease in the removal of toxic metabolites from the tissues. There is a constant release of toxins from the plaque. Thus microangiopathy can cause tissue destruction.Collagen Turnover:Collagen metabolism is defective in diabetics. Hyperglycemia is associated with an increase in protease and collagenase activity. There is an increase in Accumulated Glycation End-products (AGEs). These AGEs cause cross-linkage of collagen fibers. These fibers, then, are not repaired or replaced. This causes decreased wound healing.Immune Response:Diabetes also leads to a diminished immune response. Diabetic abnormalities in immune response include impaired neutrophil chemotaxis, phagocytosis and adhesion. Certain protein factors in diabetic serum competitively bind neutrophil receptors, thereby preventing complement-mediated phagocytosis. The body’s defense system is thus undermined, predisposing to infections.Cytokine Regulation:Diabetics show an increase of inflammatory cytokines from monocytes/ polymorphonuclear leukocytes and reduction in growth factors from macrophages. This predisposes to chronic inflammation, tissue breakdown and diminished repair capacity. There is an increase in Interleukin1 (IL1) and Tumor necrosis factor ÃŽ ± (TNFÃŽ ±). These, in turn in crease the release of enzymes that destroy gingival connective tissue, and promote the formation of osteoclasts.Bone FormationDiabetes has also been found to impair the ability of new bone formation. It interferes with the process of coupling. This diminished capacity of new bone formation interferes with the ability of a diabetic individual to repair the loss of tissue that occurs in periodontal disease.Bacterial plaque is the primary etiologic factor of periodontal disease, but diabetes complicates periodontal disease by altering host response to plaque and reducing the ability to heal following surgery.PERIODONTAL DISEASE AS A MODIFYING FACTOR FOR DIABETESThe interrelationship between Periodontitis and diabetes provides an example of systemic disease predisposing to oral infection, and once that infection is established, the oral infection exacerbates systemic disease.Effects of Infection on Glycemic ControlGlycemic control is affected by all kinds of infections. Systemic bacteri al and viral infections cause a resistance in the peripheral tissue receptors to insulin.In case of periodontal disease, there is a persistent bacterial infection which acts in a manner similar to other systemic infections. The presence of severe periodontal disease worsens glycemic control. This effect is more pronounced in Gram negative infections.Insulin ResistancePeriodontal infection causes an increase in the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, like interleukin1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor ÃŽ ± (TNFÃŽ ±). Studies have demonstrated that TNFÃŽ ± suppresses insulin action via its specific receptor; hence, it exacerbates insulin resistance, producing an insulin resistance syndrome similar to that observed in diabetes. It initiates destruction of pancreatic beta cells leading to development of diabetes.Insulin resistance prevents glucose uptake into the tissues and increases the blood glucose level. The pancreas, thus, have to step up the production of insulin. This effect is s een in normal individuals as well as diabetics.Periodontitis, Diabetes and PregnancyPeriodontitis is particularly a problem in pregnant, diabetic women. Periodontitis causes an increase in biologic fluids, inducing labor. In this manner, it is associated with pre term, low birth weight babies. Diabetic women are more prone to Periodontitis than non diabetic women. They also tend to have more bone loss, more attachment loss and deeper pockets than non diabetic women. Diabetes, independently, also causes complications during childbearing.The effect of Periodontitis on the duration of pregnancy is exacerbated in diabetics.Periodontitis can also cause a loss of glycemic control in this crucial time. Thus, it is important that the periodontal health of pregnant, diabetic women be evaluated. Proper treatment modalities should be undertaken to avoid an unfavorable outcome.Treatment of Periodontitis in DiabeticsRecent evidence suggests that Periodontitis should be treated differently in dia betic individuals. Periodontal surgery and the resultant transient bacteremia can cause an up regulation of TNFÃŽ ±. This aggravates insulin resistance and upsets glycemic control. Thus Periodontitis in diabetic individuals should be treated non-surgically. The treatment of Periodontitis causes elimination of the bacterial challenge. This leads to a better tissue response to insulin. Normal tissue response is restored over time. Treatment of Periodontitis, thus, improves glycemic control. This is more apparent in patients with severe Periodontitis.CONCLUSIONPeriodontal disease is the result of a complex interplay of bacterial infection and host responses, and is often modified by various systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus. Such diseases are capable of affecting the periodontium and/or the treatment of periodontal disease.On the other hand, recent research indicated that periodontitis too can influence the course of a systemic disease like diabetes.In order to understand the cellular/molecular mechanisms responsible for such a cyclical association, one must identify common physiological changes associated with diabetes and periodontitis that produce a synergy when the conditions coexist. When one of the diseases is under control, control of the other disease is facilitated.Not only is periodontal disease thereby affected by systemic diseases, but carefully managed periodontal therapy may also have a positive effect on the general health of patients with systemic diseases. Â  

Columbian Exchange

The Columbian Exchange â€Å"Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492† is a common expression used today about the discovery of the Americas. What happens after the discovery of the Americas? Transculturation. This is the mixing of cultures in which both sides change in one way or another (Murphy, 1-14-13). The Columbian Exchange happened when people from Europe and Africa settled into Latin America and the Caribbean after the discovery of the Americas. The Columbian Exchange brought over diseases to the Americas, plants and animals, and the exchange of silver.The colonization of the Americas made exchanging animals and plants happen daily. Sugar was one plant that was brought over. Sugar was brought over to Brazil from the coast of Africa (Crosby, 69). Towards the end of the 16th century, Brazil became the biggest producer of sugarcane. At first, sugar was only bought by the rich but over time it was an important crop in everyone’s day to day life. Sugar coul d be boiled down into concentrated, making it easy to fit in ships, causing it to become the cash crop for centuries (Chasteen, 24).Brazil was producing 57, 000 tons of sugar annually in 1610, in which the English started to produce sugar which drove the production down in Brazil (Crosby, 69). Sugar created harsh working environments and ended up having slaves do all of the work. Slaves were purchased and brought in from West Africa (Wolfe, 150). Maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and many other plants were added to European and Africa diets. Many crops that exist in European nations have come from the Americas during the Columbian Exchange.Tomatoes were grown in the Americas before they made their way to Italy. Italy is known for their food that uses tomatoes and many people think that the tomato originated in Italy. The tomato got brought back to Italy throughout the trips from the Americas. Maize was introduced to Asia in the 16th century, which was a factor for population growth in Asia (Crosby, 65). As Winn states â€Å"But not much of the Columbian exchange was not positive for the indigenous people of the Americas† (Winn, 43), most of the Columbian exchange was lop sided.Europeans and Africans got the better end of the Columbian exchange due to the fact that they transferred many of the diseases instead of receiving them. Along with plants, imported animals arrived in the America during Columbus’s second voyage in 1493 (Crosby, 75). Horses, dogs, pigs, cattle, chickens, sheep, and goats all arrived in the Americas in the 16th century. Pigs were the first animals to blow up, with 30,000 pigs in Cuba by 1514 (Crosby, 76). Cattle, like pigs, reproduced in great numbers and quickly adapted to the new environment.All of these animals were used some way or another to produce a profit. Skin became the biggest export from America to Europe after colonization to the America’s happened (Murphy, 1-23-13). The fat was used to produce animals and sheep were used to produce clothing (Murphy, 1-23-13). Horses gave Bernal Diaz the advantage in defeating the Aztec to claim Mexico. Cattle provided meat which would not have been there if it wasn’t for the colonization. The Spaniards realized that silver from the America’s could bring them indefinite money, while the silver lasted.There was virtually no silver being exported from the Americas to Europe before Columbus discovered the Americas. At the beginning of the 16th century, silver production in the Americas started to sky rocket due to the Spaniards discovering the benefits of silver. In the 1540’s, a silver mine located in Potosi, Peru was opened up by the Spaniards (Chasteen, 50). The town of Potosi blew up due to this new economic growth that was happening. The working environments were harsh; men had to carry pounds and pounds of silver down the mountain (Murphy, 1-28-13).From 1503-1660, 700 million pounds of silver gets exported from the Americas to Europe (Murphy, 1-28-13). The problem with silver is that it has boom and bust cycles, where one year silver may be at its all-time high and the next the economy takes a beating. The money being made was through the taxing of this silver. The exchange of silver brought the Americas and the rest of the world together. This was due to the trade that was happening with the silver. The crown in Spain received around 40 percent of all the silver profits (Wolfe, 139).The crown received this money due to the royal fifth or settlement of American taxes (Wolfe, 139). Around 30 percent of the silver was illegally traded to the crown did not receive that money (Murphy, 1-28-13). No food is able to grow at Potosi so all of it had to be imported from other countries. This created huge trade relations across the world. The food from Potosi would be imported from elsewhere because it was cheaper, causing the prices to rise in the Potosi economy (Wolfe, 139). In the early 1800’s, the silver ran ou t and the town of Potosi went down with it.This shows how much the Spaniards had an impact on the Americas, Peru in this instance. The diseases that Europe and Africa brought in during colonization to the Americas were the biggest negative impact of the Columbian Exchange. Diseases wiped out populations in the Americas. Native Americans had no immunity towards the diseases that were coming in. Diseases like smallpox, measles, malaria, plague, and many others were killing native people uncontrollably. In lower and upper Peru, the population declined from 5 million to less than 300 thousand in 1780-1790’s (Wolfe, 135).As shown in this quote by Winn â€Å"The result was the greatest demographic disaster in history† (Winn, 43), this epidemic effected wherever colonization happened in the Americas. The old world diseases were not intentionally spread to the Americas but were a side effect of transculturation. The Columbian exchange was a major factor in the Colonization of the Americas. New foods were exchanged between the Americas and Europe and Africa. Animals were also swapped during this exchange, which created economic opportunities.The finding of silver in Potosi helped Spain gain money through taxes. This was a boom and bust cycle which leads to Potosi becoming a ghost town. With colonization happening, diseases brought from the Europeans and Africans killed an uncountable amount of people in the Americas. The Columbian Exchange changed Latin America and the Caribbean fully. The real question is what would Latin America and the Caribbean be like if the Columbian Exchange never happened? Works Cited Chasteen, â€Å"Encounter,† in Born in Blood and Fire, pp. 11-42 (3rd ed), 25-53 (2nd).Chasteen, â€Å"The Colonial Crucible,† in Born in Blood, pp. 49-80 (3rd ed), 59-89 (2nd). Crosby, Alfred, â€Å"Old World Plants and Animals in the New World,† in The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), pp. 64-121. Wolfe, Eric, â€Å"Iberians in America,† in Europe and the People without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 [1982]), pp. 131-157. Winn, Peter, â€Å"The Legacies of Empire† in Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), pp. 39-83 Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange â€Å"Christopher Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492† is a common expression used today about the discovery of the Americas. What happens after the discovery of the Americas? Transculturation. This is the mixing of cultures in which both sides change in one way or another (Murphy, 1-14-13). The Columbian Exchange happened when people from Europe and Africa settled into Latin America and the Caribbean after the discovery of the Americas. The Columbian Exchange brought over diseases to the Americas, plants and animals, and the exchange of silver.The colonization of the Americas made exchanging animals and plants happen daily. Sugar was one plant that was brought over. Sugar was brought over to Brazil from the coast of Africa (Crosby, 69). Towards the end of the 16th century, Brazil became the biggest producer of sugarcane. At first, sugar was only bought by the rich but over time it was an important crop in everyone’s day to day life. Sugar coul d be boiled down into concentrated, making it easy to fit in ships, causing it to become the cash crop for centuries (Chasteen, 24).Brazil was producing 57, 000 tons of sugar annually in 1610, in which the English started to produce sugar which drove the production down in Brazil (Crosby, 69). Sugar created harsh working environments and ended up having slaves do all of the work. Slaves were purchased and brought in from West Africa (Wolfe, 150). Maize, potatoes, tomatoes, and many other plants were added to European and Africa diets. Many crops that exist in European nations have come from the Americas during the Columbian Exchange.Tomatoes were grown in the Americas before they made their way to Italy. Italy is known for their food that uses tomatoes and many people think that the tomato originated in Italy. The tomato got brought back to Italy throughout the trips from the Americas. Maize was introduced to Asia in the 16th century, which was a factor for population growth in Asia (Crosby, 65). As Winn states â€Å"But not much of the Columbian exchange was not positive for the indigenous people of the Americas† (Winn, 43), most of the Columbian exchange was lop sided.Europeans and Africans got the better end of the Columbian exchange due to the fact that they transferred many of the diseases instead of receiving them. Along with plants, imported animals arrived in the America during Columbus’s second voyage in 1493 (Crosby, 75). Horses, dogs, pigs, cattle, chickens, sheep, and goats all arrived in the Americas in the 16th century. Pigs were the first animals to blow up, with 30,000 pigs in Cuba by 1514 (Crosby, 76). Cattle, like pigs, reproduced in great numbers and quickly adapted to the new environment.All of these animals were used some way or another to produce a profit. Skin became the biggest export from America to Europe after colonization to the America’s happened (Murphy, 1-23-13). The fat was used to produce animals and sheep were used to produce clothing (Murphy, 1-23-13). Horses gave Bernal Diaz the advantage in defeating the Aztec to claim Mexico. Cattle provided meat which would not have been there if it wasn’t for the colonization. The Spaniards realized that silver from the America’s could bring them indefinite money, while the silver lasted.There was virtually no silver being exported from the Americas to Europe before Columbus discovered the Americas. At the beginning of the 16th century, silver production in the Americas started to sky rocket due to the Spaniards discovering the benefits of silver. In the 1540’s, a silver mine located in Potosi, Peru was opened up by the Spaniards (Chasteen, 50). The town of Potosi blew up due to this new economic growth that was happening. The working environments were harsh; men had to carry pounds and pounds of silver down the mountain (Murphy, 1-28-13).From 1503-1660, 700 million pounds of silver gets exported from the Americas to Europe (Murphy, 1-28-13). The problem with silver is that it has boom and bust cycles, where one year silver may be at its all-time high and the next the economy takes a beating. The money being made was through the taxing of this silver. The exchange of silver brought the Americas and the rest of the world together. This was due to the trade that was happening with the silver. The crown in Spain received around 40 percent of all the silver profits (Wolfe, 139).The crown received this money due to the royal fifth or settlement of American taxes (Wolfe, 139). Around 30 percent of the silver was illegally traded to the crown did not receive that money (Murphy, 1-28-13). No food is able to grow at Potosi so all of it had to be imported from other countries. This created huge trade relations across the world. The food from Potosi would be imported from elsewhere because it was cheaper, causing the prices to rise in the Potosi economy (Wolfe, 139). In the early 1800’s, the silver ran ou t and the town of Potosi went down with it.This shows how much the Spaniards had an impact on the Americas, Peru in this instance. The diseases that Europe and Africa brought in during colonization to the Americas were the biggest negative impact of the Columbian Exchange. Diseases wiped out populations in the Americas. Native Americans had no immunity towards the diseases that were coming in. Diseases like smallpox, measles, malaria, plague, and many others were killing native people uncontrollably. In lower and upper Peru, the population declined from 5 million to less than 300 thousand in 1780-1790’s (Wolfe, 135).As shown in this quote by Winn â€Å"The result was the greatest demographic disaster in history† (Winn, 43), this epidemic effected wherever colonization happened in the Americas. The old world diseases were not intentionally spread to the Americas but were a side effect of transculturation. The Columbian exchange was a major factor in the Colonization of the Americas. New foods were exchanged between the Americas and Europe and Africa. Animals were also swapped during this exchange, which created economic opportunities.The finding of silver in Potosi helped Spain gain money through taxes. This was a boom and bust cycle which leads to Potosi becoming a ghost town. With colonization happening, diseases brought from the Europeans and Africans killed an uncountable amount of people in the Americas. The Columbian Exchange changed Latin America and the Caribbean fully. The real question is what would Latin America and the Caribbean be like if the Columbian Exchange never happened? Works Cited Chasteen, â€Å"Encounter,† in Born in Blood and Fire, pp. 11-42 (3rd ed), 25-53 (2nd).Chasteen, â€Å"The Colonial Crucible,† in Born in Blood, pp. 49-80 (3rd ed), 59-89 (2nd). Crosby, Alfred, â€Å"Old World Plants and Animals in the New World,† in The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1973), pp. 64-121. Wolfe, Eric, â€Å"Iberians in America,† in Europe and the People without History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997 [1982]), pp. 131-157. Winn, Peter, â€Å"The Legacies of Empire† in Americas: The Changing Face of Latin America and the Caribbean (New York: Pantheon Books, 1992), pp. 39-83

Polysystem Theory Essay

The book consists of a set of articles in which the centre of attention is the notion of Polysystem. The article The Function of the Literary Polysystem in the History of Literature is mostly connected with the notion of Polysystem. Language is heterogeneous, so it is labeled as a polysystem, where highly codified stratification prevails, any minor move from one stratum to another may be taken as a major offense. Polysystem is subdivided into â€Å"canonized† (usually considered â€Å"major† literature: those kinds of literary works accepted by the â€Å"literary milieu† and usually preserved by the community as part of its cultural heritage) and â€Å"non-canonized† literature (those kinds of literary works more often than not rejected by the literary milieu as lacking â€Å"aesthetic value† and relatively quickly forgotten, e. g. detective-fiction, sentimental novels, westerns, pornographic literature, etc. ). Translation plays a great role in Polysystem and in the synchrony and diachrony of a certain literature. Epigonic† literature is kind of a literature where diachronic shifts create a situation in which norms previously known as dominant become peripheral within â€Å"the new phase of literature,† but they are still in use. Canonized literature tries to create new models of reality and attempts to illuminate the information it bears, non-canonized literature has to keep within the conventionalized models which are highly automatized. In synchrony, canonized and non-canonized systems manifest two various diachronic phases, the non-canonized overlapping with a previous canonized phase. The oppositions between the various literary systems create an ideal literary and cultural balance within the literary polysystem. This is the only way for non-canonized literature to settle in literature when canonized literature succeeds in gaining ground. The article The Relations between Primary and Secondary Systems in the Literary Polysystem distinguishres between primary and secondary systems – to what extent a certain system or type plays a major role within the literary polysystem. The Polysystem hypothesis gives us possibility to a more adequate analysis of intra- and interrelations. It is also a functional concept. It is concerned with dynamic complexes. The functions it may detect are conditioned by complex inter- and intrarelations within a hypothesized multileveled system. â€Å"Primary† type: the pre-condition for its functioning is the discontinuity of established models. Change occurs only when a primary model takes over the center of a system. Sometimes we can have the process of â€Å"secondariztion’ of the primary, what means that new elements are retranslated, into the old terms, inconsequence imposing previous functions on new carriers but not changing the functions. The Polysystem Hypothesis Revisited. Many scholars, including Evan-Zohar considered that literature within the historical context can be conceived of as a polysystem, that is a stratified whole, where the various strata function as systems. But it became clear that no literature really overfunctions as a non-stratified whole and if the correlation between the strata within it disintegrates for some reason, a sort of stagnation takes over. The result of such process is that the system collapses. The methodological hypothesis which presumed literature to be a polysystem could now be reversed and reformulated in terms of a universal: all literary systems strive to become polysystemic. The article Universals of Literary Contacts distinguishes source literature (SLt) and target literature (TLt) and draws the difference between two major types of literary contact: first – contacts between relatively established systems which are con-sequently relatively independent (for instance the situation of English and French languages over the past two years); and second – contacts between non-established or fluid systems which are partly or wholly dependent upon some other system(s) – these are the cases with Ukrainian and Russian, for instance. Some examples of possible universals of literary contact are provided: – Literatures are never in non-contact, because of some social reasons. These contacts are the rule rather than the exception. – A prestigious literature may function as a literary superstratum for a TLt. – Literature may be selected as a SLt when it is dominant due to extra-literary conditions, for example the political domination of English and French during colonial periods. – Contacts are also favored/non-favored by a general attitude of a potential TLt. Due to some nationalistic view, works of some writers could not be possible considered as appropriate for the national literature. – We may observe interference when a TLt cannot resist it or has a need for it – is when a certain type evolved in a certain literature is lacking in another, for example, thrillers and detective stories undoubted-ly migrated from English literature to practically all the others. – Items are not transplanted from a SLt to a TLt, but â€Å"needs† determine and guide the selection and the function also changes. – A TLt tends to behave like a secondary system with respect to a SLt. This means that a TLt, under the conditions mentioned above, makes contact with a diachronic phase of a SLt which is wholly or partly outdated, and disregards a contemporary SLt phase. Interference in Dependent Literary Polyssytems. A literature may become dependent only if it is weak. But this â€Å"weakness† means the inability of a system to function by confining itself to its home inventory only and the extreme of such a state would then denote a situation where a literature can function only because it has the opportunity of using some other literature. Russian literature was for Hebrew as a part of it on all levels, but due to the equivalency policy adopted by Bialik and his contemporaries, there was a very strong illusion of domestic â€Å"originality. † When the condition of weakness is not marked, even physical contacts and pressures may not result in interference; when it is marked, a state of dependency is very likely, especially if simultaneously accompanied by accessible contacts even in the absence of physical contact and pressures. The next article Russian and Hebrew: The Case of a Dependent Polysystem first of all tries to show ways in which Yiddish and Hebrew developed through the centuries. The fact that many Jews lived among Slavs is of high importance because this is the reason why the language was influenced by European languages. Only in the 19th century the great development of both languages began. This period is called â€Å"The Revival Period. † The most noticeable is the influence of Russian languge. Russified items penetrated most easily into domains where the Hebrew repertoire was weakest. Hebrew separated from Yiddish only in Palestine. The last article Israeli-Hebrew Literature: A Historical Model is about historical interrelation of Hebrew and Yiddish literature. The first period of the development can be characterized by its multiterritorial base (if the writer lives outside his country his works can be aknowledged of the country he lives in – this was common for Hebrew) , and its existence as a defective polysystem within symbiotic structures, which is the function of the first one (for instance Hebrew which influenced some other languages, mainly, where Jews lived). Due to some political reasons Israeli-Hebrew Literature didn’t have a stable centre. Only in 19th century it moved to Palestine, however a lot of publishing houses were situated in all over the world. Yiddish literature functioned for a long time as Hebrew’s non-canonized system, but after the separation the audience increased. Translations are very important in Israel Literature, because they are also a part of Israel Literature, mostly these are the translations from English, German and Russian Literatures. Despite all the pressure that Israeli underwent, the literature develops as well as researches on Translation Studies.